In their speech, people use all the variety of speech styles depending on the society in which they have to communicate. That is why in speech it is necessary to use different styles.
What are speech styles?
In this article we consider all styles of speech, withThis will focus on the scientific style that is used in research papers, textbooks, and speeches at conferences. Scientific style requires more stringent rules of use than others, because it necessarily uses the terminology applicable in a narrow field of knowledge. That is why you should separately pay attention to the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts will help to understand it in more detail.
Features of speech styles
The appearance of a variety of speech styles is justifiedthe diversity of the content of speech, as well as its goals of communication, that is, communicative orientation. It is the goals of communication that usually dictate their own rules for choosing a style in a given situation.
Each of the functional styles of speech haswith its typical features, it has its own lexical circle, as well as its syntactic structure, which must be realized to a certain extent in each of the genres. Thus, each of the styles has a number of its features. All styles of speech will be shown examples and a brief description of their features.
The main feature of journalistic styleits expressiveness and informativeness are considered. For example: Incredible discovery! Taras from the small village of Matroskino invented a drug that makes the chickens carry silver eggs!
Художественный стиль самый богатый на the diversity of the entire national language, in this style is encouraged to use different descriptions and turns to create a bright and memorable image. This style enriches our speech and helps us to more deeply understand what is written in a work of art, to feel and experience everything. For example: Sitting on the porch of her house, she noticed that someone was approaching the courtyard. She understood that this was the return of her beloved, whom she had been waiting for for several years.
Colloquial style is different from all the others.their ease and lack of preparation. For example: Hi! Imagine, yesterday I went to a party and met Pasha there. The one about which I have been telling you all month!
The use of colloquial and colloquial words,lexical heterogeneity, simplified syntax, the use of facial expressions, gestures, emotional assessment of what is happening - all of these features indicate a conversational style of speech.
Scientific style of speech: the main features
Scientific style is designed to communicate andexplanations of the results of scientific works. Despite the fact that there are many areas of science, it is possible to identify some basic features that are applicable to the scientific style in general:
- logical sequence of text;
- an ordered system of connections between all parts of the statements;
- the desire of the author to uniqueness, accuracy and conciseness in expressions.
"Since 2009, NCC has been implementingprocessing of Visa, Union Card and MasterCard cards, as well as issuing combined Maestro / NCC cards. And in 2008, the company was awarded the title of the International Payment System, which greatly expanded the range of its services. "
“Report 4 of the FSS on MTP shouldthe head of the company or the chief accountant. If the deadline for submitting a report is not observed, a fine in the amount established by law will be imposed on the company represented by its director. ”
Sub-scientific style of speech
Как известно, в речи очень редко встречаются styles in their purest form. In most cases, they are combined, which is the reason for the formation of sub-styles. Substrates of scientific style include:
- scientific and business;
- scientific and journalistic;
- popular science;
- scientific and technical;
- educational and scientific style of speech.
Features of the text of the scientific style at the vocabulary level
At the vocabulary level, the following features are inherent in the scientific style:
- saturation with the terminology of a particular science;
- the use of direct meanings of words, without various metaphors and interjections;
- use of phrases and words with abstract meaning: number, property, law; and the use of verbal nouns: use, processing, study;
- quite private use of words and phrases that indicate the sequence and connection of thoughts: therefore, on the contrary, therefore, first and foremost, first of all.
All these lexical features will help determine the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts for visual presentation of the scientific style are presented below:
"Gastritis is an inflammation of the mucous membranewall of the stomach. The symptoms of gastritis are as follows: stomach pain after eating or on an empty stomach, nausea, diarrhea, constipation or vomiting, etc. On the basis of endoscopic examination of the stomach, the diagnosis is made. ”
«Наиболее значимыми хозяйственно-биологическими The criteria for varieties are: durability, resistance to all growing conditions (climate, pests and diseases, soil), storage time and transportability. ”
Morphological features of the text of the scientific style
At the morphological level, the following features should be distinguished, which are inherent in the scientific style of speech:
- use of participles, participles, as well as their turnovers;
- the rare use of the pronouns “I” and “we” in works and verbs in the first and second singular forms;
- the use of impersonal and vaguely personal constructions in the text.
Features of the scientific text at the syntactic level
- frequent use of links and citations;
- rejection of the use of exclamation sentences or their very rare use;
- the use of graphs, charts, various formulas;
- the use of complex sentences with the use of conjunctions for the connection of phenomena in parts of a sentence.
Examples of texts of scientific style
Help identify the distinctive features and correctly identify the scientific style of speech examples of texts:
“The problem of theft requires timelyadequate actions on the part of the business entity, namely, the use of additional tools to eliminate the potential risk from the attacker. "
"Based on the results of the experiments, data onwhich are presented in Appendix [2] and displayed in Fig. 3, it can be concluded that the change in the demand curve in the short term is influenced by the price level ”.
Genre of scientific style
All scientific texts should be in the form of finished works, and their structure should be subject to all the laws of the genre.
All genres can be divided into primary and secondary, depending on who is the author of the text. Also in a separate group distinguish educational and scientific texts.
Вторичными текстами можно считать авторефераты, abstracts, theses, various notes, annotations. These works are secondary, because they are compiled on the basis of existing texts. In preparing such texts, information often collapses to reduce the volume of the entire text.
The genres of educational and scientific underlay should be attributedlectures, seminar reports, term papers, abstract communications. Regardless of the genre, all the basic features that are inherent in the scientific style in general, must be respected.
How exactly did the scientific style come about?
The origin of the scientific style is determined by the developmentfields of science, different spheres of human knowledge. Initially, the style of speech, scientific and artistic, were very close and similar. Later there was a separation of the scientific from the artistic style, since various kinds of scientific terminology began to appear in the Greek language.
However, during this period there were conflicts overpresentation of scientific material by various scientists. It is known that Kepler considered the works of Galileo to be excessively artistic, and Descartes considered the style of presentation of Galileo’s scientific works to be “fictionalized.” The first model of the scientific language in the future is considered to be the presentation of Newton.
The development of scientific style influenced Russiantongue. The scientific style of speech in Russia began its development at the beginning of the XVIII century. During this period, translators and authors of scientific publications began to create their own terminology. The development of this style continued in the second half of the 18th century thanks to the works of Lomonosov and his students. The final formation of the scientific style of Russia took place in the second half of the XIX century due to the scientific work of the great scientists of that time.
In this paper all styles of speech were considered. Examples illustrate the differences between them, and a detailed description of the scientific style will help you to easily use it in your speech.
