Styles and types of speech: table. What are the types and styles of speech?

Speech is a necessary means of communicationrights. The scope of its application causes the division into varieties, which are called functional styles. In all, there are five: scientific, official, business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic. Each of the styles is realized both in oral and written forms, has its own lexical, syntactic, and morphological features.

Separately, the types of speech are also singled out. The table presented in this article will help to understand this issue.

Functional styles of speech find their own realizationin various genres - forms of speech, which are peculiar to certain ways of expressing thoughts. Such ways of exposition are divided into types of speech. The table will be presented below. It is worth noting that individual subspecies may overlap in practice.

Let us turn to the details of the theme "Styles and types of speech in the Russian language."

Functional forms of information presentation

What are the types, styles of speech? As we have already said, five functional types of information are defined in the Russian language. Let's consider each.

Scientific style of speech

This is a functional type of speech, the mainthe sphere of application of which is science. The main purpose is to communicate information and to confirm its truth, to identify cause-effect relationships and study them. Types, styles, genres of speech of the scientific direction are widely used in higher educational institutions.

The main feature of the lexicon is the availabilityterms and the lack of figurative means of speech. In the morphological aspect, the peculiarity of the considered style is the use of a large number of verbal nouns, official verbs in conjunction with nouns, imperfective verbs of the present time, singular nouns in the meaning of the plural, pronouns of the I-th person of the plural. Syntax is characterized by the presence of introductory words, homogeneous sentence members, compound, generalized, impersonal and vaguely personal sentences.

Realization of scientific style is carried out in the following genres: scientific articles, monographs, lectures, dissertations, textbooks.

Other types of speech will be described below. The table-chart will help to understand this question in more detail.

Official and business style of speech

This species is used in the statemanagement and law. Its function is to streamline, standardize information, aim - to regulate relations. The key word when considering the official-business style is "standardization", that is, certain forms inherent in vocabulary, morphology and syntax.

Features vocabulary formal-business style is the presence of professional vocabulary, phraseological units, archaisms, historicism, chancellarism, abbreviations.

Morphological features of this speciesspeech can be considered the presence of verbs of an undefined form (infinitive), modal words, the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative, the use of masculine nouns instead of feminine nouns, the use of nouns that refer to a person's sign by action, derivatives of prepositions, verbal nouns with a particle of "not" words formed from several bases.

Syntactic features: the use of nouns in the genitive case according to the growing construction, the predominance of complex sentences, the existence of simple sentences with homogeneous terms.

Variety of genres of official and business styleis due to its subdivision into an official documentary and everyday business sub-structure. The first regulates the state sphere of management, and the second - business communication. Types of documents of the official documentary lining: laws, regulations, agreements, decrees, communiqués. Types of documents of everyday and business sub-strings: protocols, statements, memoranda, acts, powers of attorney.

Publicistic style of speech

This type is inherent in the mass media, the main purpose of which is assessment information and impact on the emotional-volitional sphere of a person.

Lexical features of journalisticstyle can be considered a compilation of speech tools: the use of terminology, neologisms, synonyms, chancellery, which is due to the primary objectives of this style, aimed at the impact of the reader, the viewer. Journalism can use journalistic types and styles of speech. The table below will describe the features of this type of presentation.

Features of grammatical forms injournalistic style are manifested in the use of complex words, the substantivization of adjectives and participles. The syntax of the journalistic style is distinguished by the use of one-part sentences, interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

The breadth of the genres of publicistic speechis possible due to its functions: informing and influencing. In addition, it is possible to single out such sub-strata: informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic. The genre of the information type of speech is considered a note, reportage, interview; analytical - review, review; artistic and journalistic - essay, essay.

Conversational style

This kind of presentation of information covers the scope ofeveryday communication of people, which leaves a mark on its characteristics. The most widely used are conversational types and styles of speech. The table below will describe their difference from other species.

Features morphology of the colloquial style: the predominance of verbs multiple, single action, widespread use of pronouns, minimal use of participles and gerunds.

Artistic style of speech

This kind is used for writing works. Lexical features of this type: synonymy, occasionalisms, phraseological units, trails, use of words in figurative meaning.

Morphological features of the artistic style are the wide use of adjectives, adverbs, verbs, the predominance of feminine and neuter gender in nouns.

Syntactically, artistic speech uses the whole variety of Russian language constructions. Genres of this style are: a story, a novel, a story, an ode, a poem.

Types of speech. Table

The content of speech is characterized bycommunicative ways of expressing thoughts that define how types of speech. They include narrative, description and reasoning. Let us consider the types of speech in detail. The table will help a deeper understanding.

So narration is a verbal way of expositionthoughts in dynamic development. For the narrative, the following composition is inherent: stringing - development - culmination - denouement. The narrative is characterized by the use of verbs and adverbs. This way of exposition is most characteristic for publicistic, colloquial and artistic styles of speech.

A description is a type of presentation of information that"Depicts" objects, phenomena of nature, conveys their appreciation. This kind of speech is compositionally structured in this way: a general idea of ​​the subject-individual signs of the subject-conclusions, author's judgments. The description is characterized by the use of imperfective verbs, simple, incomplete, naming sentences.

Reasoning is a type of speech in whichcausal relationships are presented, which determines the following structure: the thesis - the argument - the conclusion. For reasoning, the use of introductory words, complex syntactic constructions is typical.

Basic data describing speech types will be presented in the table below.

Type of speech	Composition	Features
narrative	outset - development - climax - denouement	preferential use of verbs and adverbs
description	general idea of ​​the subject - individual signs of the subject - conclusions, author's judgments	use of imperfective verbs, simple, incomplete, naming sentences
reasoning	thesis - argument - conclusion	use of introductory words, complex syntactic constructions

Summarize

We considered the styles and types of speech in Russianlanguage are not static. People choose for themselves the form of communication. Often, borderline styles of information are mixed. This is due to the social function of speech.