In the school curriculum, you must havetheme: "Types of speech: description, narrative, reasoning." But after a while, knowledge is inherent in being erased from memory, so it is superfluous to fix this important question.
What are types of speech? What functions do they perform?
Types of Speech:description, narrative, reasoning is how we talk about the subject. For example, imagine an ordinary table in the office or at home in the kitchen. If you want to describe this subject, you should tell in detail how it looks, what is on it. Such a text will be descriptive, hence, it is a description. If the narrator begins to talk about why this table is not too old, it's time to change it for a new one, then the chosen type of speech will be called reasoning. The narrative of the text can be called in the event that a person tells a story of how this table was ordered or manufactured, brought home and other details of the appearance of the table in the apartment.
Now a bit of theory. Types of speech are used by the narrator (author, journalist, teacher, speaker) to convey information. Depending on how it is submitted, a typology is defined.
A description is a type of speech whose purpose is a detailed story about a static subject, image, phenomenon, or person.
The narrative reports on the evolving action, giving certain information in time sequence.
With the help of reasoning, the flow of thought about the object that caused it is transmitted.
Functional-semantic types of speech: description, narrative, reasoning
Types of speech are often called functionally-semantic.What does it mean? One of the meanings of the word "function" (there are many others, including mathematical terms) is a role. That is, speech types play a role.
Description function as a type of speech - to recreateverbal picture, help the reader to see her inner vision. This is achieved through the use of adjectives in various degrees of comparison, adverbial turns, other speech tools. This type of speech can often be found in an artistic style. The description in the scientific style will significantly differ from the artistic non-emotional, clear course of the story, the obligatory presence of terms and professional vocabulary.
The narrative is characterized by an imageaction, situation or specific case. With the help of verbs and short, capacious sentences, the effect of presence is created. This type of speech is often used in news reports. Its function is notification.
Reasoning as a type of speech is typicala variety of styles: artistic, scientific, business and even colloquial. The pursued goal is to clarify, uncover certain characteristics, to prove or disprove something.
Features of the structure of speech types
For each type of speech is characterized by a clear structure. The narrative is characterized by the following classical form:
- the outset;
- development of events;
- culmination;
- denouement.
The description does not have a clear structure, but it differs in such forms as:
- descriptive story about a person or an animal, as well as an object;
- detailed description of the place;
- description of the state.
Similar examples are often found in literary texts.
Reasoning is fundamentally different from previous types of speech. Since its purpose is to convey the sequence of the human thought process, the reasoning is constructed as follows:
- thesis (statement);
- arguments, together with the examples given (proof of this statement);
- final inference or output.
Often the types of speech are confused with styles. This is a gross error. Below we describe how styles differ from types.
Types and styles of speech: what are the differences?
The textbooks of the Russian language feature the notion of speech styles. What is this and is there a difference between styles and types?
So, style is a complex of certain speech tools used in a specific sphere of communication. There are five main styles:
- Colloquial.
- Publicistic.
- Official business (or business).
- Scientific.
- Art.
To see the characteristic features of styles,you can take any text. Type of speech (the description, examples of which will be presented), is present in both scientific and publicistic style. Conversational style we choose for daily communication. It is characterized by the presence of vernacular expressions, abbreviations and even slang words. It is appropriate at home or with friends, but when you come to an official institution, for example, a school, university or ministry - the style of speech changes to a business with elements of a scientific one.
In the journalistic style, newspapers and magazines are written. Using it, broadcast news channels. Scientific style can be found in educational literature, for him a lot of terms and concepts are characteristic.
Finally, the artistic style.He wrote books that we read for our own pleasure. He has inherent comparisons ("the morning is fine, like a favorite's smile"), metaphors ("the night sky is pouring down on us with gold") and other artistic turns. By the way, the description is a type of speech, quite often found in fiction and, accordingly, in the eponymous style.
How to distinguish between speech styles and types?Types of speech - this is how and what we talk about. Describing a flower or a house means that the type of speech is a description. We affirm that the house appeared here in a certain year, thus giving weighty arguments - our speech type - reasoning. Well, if the narrator wishes to share the experience of planting and caring for a plant or to tell how he built a house, then we are dealing with a narrative.
The difference is as follows:describe, reflect or narrate can be done using different styles. For example, when talking about a flower in an artistic style, the author uses a mass of expressive epithets to convey to the listener or reader the beauty of the plant. The biologist, however, will describe the flower, from the point of view of science, using generally accepted terminology. In the same way, one can reason and narrate. For example, a publicist will write a feuilleton about an inadvertently torn flower, using reasoning as a type of speech. At the same time, the girl, using a conversational style, tells her friend how a classmate gave her a bouquet.
Using Styles
Specificity of speech styles makes possible theirsuccessful neighborhood. For example, if the type of speech is a description, then it can be supplemented by reasoning. The same flower can be described in a school wall newspaper, using both scientific and journalistic as well as artistic style. It can be an article about the valuable properties of plants and a poem glorifying its beauty. At the lesson of biology, the teacher, applying the scientific style, will offer students information about the flower, and after that can tell a fascinating legend about him.
Type of speech description. Examples in the literature
This type can be conditionally called an image.That is, when describing, the author depicts an object (for example, a table), natural phenomena (thunderstorm, rainbow), a person (a girl from a neighboring class or a favorite actor), an animal and so on ad infinitum.
Within the description, the following forms are distinguished:
• Portrait;
• description of the state;
• Landscape or interior.
The author tells about an object, an object or a place so that listeners can imagine, see it, but with the help of a verbal description. It is worth familiar with the following examples.
Examples of landscape, you can find in the worksclassics. For example, in the story "The Fate of Man" the author gives a brief description of the early post-war spring. The paintings he recreated are so lively and believable that it seems that the reader sees them.
Landscapes also play an important role in Turgenev's "Bezhin Meadow" story. With the help of a verbal image of the summer sky and sunset, the writer conveys the powerful beauty and power of nature.
To remember what a description is like a type of speech, it is worthwhile to consider another example.
"We went out for a picnic out of town.But today the sky was gloomy and it became even more unfriendly by the evening. At first the clouds were a heavy gray shade. The sky was closed by them, like a theater scene after a performance. The sun, though still not settled, was already invisible. And between the gloomy flaps of the clouds there were lightnings ... ".
The description is characterized by the use ofadjectives. It is thanks to them that this text gives the impression of a picture, conveys to us the color and weather gradations. To the narrative of the descriptive type the following questions are asked: "What does the described object (person, place) look like?" What signs do they have? "
Narration: an example
Discussing the previous type of speech (description), you cannote that it is used by the author to recreate the visual effect. But the narration conveys the plot in dynamics. This speech type describes events. The following example tells what happened to the heroes of a small story about a thunderstorm and a picnic on.
"... The first lightning did not frighten us, but we knew thatthis is just the beginning. We had to collect our things and run away. As soon as a simple dinner was collected in backpacks, the first drops of rain fell on the blanket. We rushed to the bus stop. "
In the text it is necessary to pay attention tonumber of verbs: they create an effect of action. It is the image of the situation in the time interval that are the hallmarks of the narrative type of speech. In addition, to the text of this kind, you can ask questions "What was first? What happened then? "
Reasoning. Example
What is reasoning as a type of speech?Description and narration are already familiar to us and more simple to understand than text-reasoning. Let's return to the friends who have got under a rain. It's easy to imagine how they discuss their adventure: "... Yes, we were lucky that the driver gave us a notice at the bus stop. It's good that he did not pass by. In a warm bed, it's good to talk about a thunderstorm. It's not so scary, if we are again at the same stop. Thunderstorm is not only unpleasant, but also dangerous. You can not predict where the lightning will strike. No, we will never go out of the country without knowing the exact weather forecast. A picnic is good for a sunny day, but in a thunderstorm it is better to drink tea at home. " The text contains all the structural parts of reasoning as a type of speech. In addition, you can ask questions that are characteristic of the reasoning: "What is the reason? What follows from this? "
Finally
Our article was devoted to the types of speech - description,narrative and reasoning. The choice of a particular speech type depends on what we are talking about in this case and what purpose we pursue. Also we mentioned characteristic speech styles, their features and close relationship with types of speech.
