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Letter "h": hard or soft? Phonetic Word Analysis

The letter "th": hard or soft? This question is often asked by students who need to make out a word according to all the rules of phonetics. You will receive the answer to it a little further.

General information

Before we talk about what is the letter "d" (soft or hard), you should find out why the letters of the Russian alphabet are generally divided according to such features.

The fact is that each word has its ownsound shell, which consists of individual sounds. It should be noted that the sound of an expression is fully correlated with its value. At the same time, different words and their forms have completely different sound design. And the sounds themselves have no meaning. However, they play a crucial role in the Russian language. After all, thanks to them we can easily distinguish between words. Let's give an example:

[house] - [lady '] - [do´ma];
[m’el] - [m’el ’], [tom] - [there], [house] - [tom].

Transcription

Why do we need information about whatis the letter "d" (hard or soft)? During the phonetic analysis of the word, it is very important to correctly display the transcription that describes its sound. The following symbols are used in such a system:

[] - this designation is called the square brackets. They are necessarily put to designate transcription.

[´] is the stress. It is placed if the word has more than one syllable.

[b ’] - a kind of comma is placed next to the consonant letter and denotes its softness.

By the way, during the phonetic analysis of the word, the following symbol is often used - [j]. As a rule, they are denoted by the sound of the letter “d” (sometimes a symbol such as [st] is also used).

The letter "y": consonant or vowel?

As you know, in Russian, all sounds are divided into consonants and vowels. They are completely differently perceived and pronounced.

Vowel sounds are those sounds duringthe pronunciation of which the air passes freely and freely through the mouth, without encountering any obstacles in its path. Moreover, they can be pulled, with the help of them you can shout. If you put your hand to the throat, then the work of the ligaments (voice) during the pronunciation of vowels can be quite easily felt. There are 6 stressed vowels in Russian, namely: [a], [e], [y], [y], [o] and [i].
Consonant sounds are those sounds duringthe pronunciation of which the air in its path meets an obstacle, namely the bow or gap. Their appearance determines the nature of the sounds. As a rule, a gap is formed when [s], [br], [3] and [g] are pronounced. At the same time, the tip of the tongue approaches the upper or lower teeth. Presented consonants can be pulled (for example, [WF, W], [3, 3, 3]). As for the bow, such a barrier is formed due to the closure of the organs of speech. The air, or rather its flow, dramatically overcomes it, so that the sounds are energetic and brief. That is why they are called explosive. By the way, it is impossible to draw them (try it yourself: [p], [b], [t], [d]).

In addition to the above consonants, in Russian there are the following: [m], [y], [c], [f], [g], [l], [p], [h], [q], [x] . As you can see, there are many more than vowels.

Deaf and sonorous sounds

In terms of the ratio of voice and noise, consonant sounds can be both voiced and deaf. At the same time, during the pronunciation of voiced one can hear both noise and voice, while the deaf can hear only noise.

By the way, many consonant sounds formbetween a pair of deafness and sonority: [k] - [g], [b] - [n], [g] - [c], [d] - [t], [f] - [v], etc.) in Russian 11 such pairs. However, there are sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. These include: [st], [p], [n], [l], [m] are unpaired voiced, and [h] and [p] are unpaired deafs.

Soft and hard consonants

As you know, consonants differ not only in voicing or, on the contrary, deafness, but also in softness and hardness. This property is the second most important feature of sounds.

So, the letter "y": hard or soft? To answer this question, you should consider each sign separately:

During the pronunciation of soft consonants, the entire tongue moves a little forward, and its middle part is slightly raised.
During the pronunciation of hard consonants, the entire language is literally pulled back.

It should be noted that many consonantsthe letters form pairs among themselves according to such characteristics as softness and hardness: [e] - [d ’], []] - [n’], etc. In total, there are 15 such pairs. However, there are some sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. What letters of solid consonants are unpaired? These include the following - [br], [w] and [p]. As for unpaired soft, it is [yi ’], [ch’] and [y ’].

Letter designation

Now you know the information that the letter "y"hard or soft. But here a new question arises: "How is the softness of such sounds indicated in the letter?" For this purpose, completely different methods are used:

The letters “e”, “u”, “e”, “i” after consonants (not counting “g”, “sh”, and “q”) indicate that these consonants are soft. Let us give an example: dyodya - [d'a'd'a], aunt - [t'o't'a].
The letter "i", standing after consonants (not counting "g", "sh", and "c") indicates that these consonants are soft. Let us give an example: sweet - [m ',' ’], leaf - [l’ist], not 'tits - [n'i'tk’i].
A soft sign ("ь") after consonants (not counting "g"and “w”) is an indicator of grammatical form. It also suggests that consonants are soft. Examples include: distance - [gave ’], stranded - [m’el’], request - [proz’ba].

Как видите, мягкость согласных звуков на письме It is not transmitted in separate letters, but in their combinations with the vowels “e”, “yu”, “yo”, “i”, and also a soft sign. That is why when phonetic analysis of the word, experts recommend to pay attention to the neighboring characters.

As for the vowel "th", it isalways soft. In this connection, it is customary to denote it in transcription as follows: [y ’]. That is, the comma symbol, indicating the softness of the sound, must always be set. The same rule is subject to [y ’’], [ch ’].

Let's sum up the results

As you can see, there is nothing difficult incorrectly make a phonetic analysis of a word. To do this, you just need to know what vowels and consonants are, deaf and voiced, as well as soft and hard. For a greater understanding of how it is necessary to arrange the transcription, we give several detailed examples.