The phonetic process occurring in a word inlargely explains its spelling and pronunciation. This linguistic phenomenon should be taken into account when performing a sound analysis at the lessons of the Russian language. Particular attention is paid here to the position of a particular sound. The so-called positional phonetic processes are characteristic of most languages. Interestingly, many changes in the sound design of the word depend on the location of the carriers. Someone rounds vowels, someone softens consonants. The differences between Moscow's Bulo [sh] naya and Petersburg Bulo [ch] th became already textbook.
Definition of concept
What is the phonetic process?These are special changes in the sound expression of letters under the influence of various factors. The type of this process depends on these factors. If they are not dictated by the very lexical component of the language, the general pronunciation of a word (for example, stress) - such a phenomenon will be called the positional. This includes all sorts of reduced consonants and vowels, as well as stunning at the end of the word.
Another thing is those phonetic processes in a languagewhich give a confluence of various sounds in words. They will be called combinatorial (i.e. depend on a particular combination of sounds). First of all, this includes assimilation, voicing and mitigation. Moreover, it can be influenced by the subsequent sound (regressive process) and the previous one (progressive).
Vowel reduction
To begin, analyze the phenomenon of reduction. It should be said that it is characteristic both for vowels and consonants. As for the first, this phonetic process is completely subject to the stress in the word.
To begin with, it should be said that all vowels inwords are separated depending on the attitude to the stressed syllable. To the left of it are pre-impact, to the right - impact. For example, the word "TV". The stressed syllable is -vi-. Accordingly, the first pre-impact -le, the second pre-impact -the-. And zadarny -zor-.
In general, the reduction of vowels is divided into twotype: quantitative and qualitative. The first is determined not by a change in sound design, but only by intensity and duration. This phonetic process concerns only one vowel, [y]. For example, quite clearly pronounce the word "boudoir". The stress here falls on the last syllable, and if in the first foreword, “y” is heard clearly and more or less loudly, then in the second foreword, it is heard much less.
We will lie another thing - high-quality reduction.It assumes not only a change in strength and weakness of the sound, but also in different timbre colors. Thus, the articulation design of sounds is changing.
К примеру, [о] и [а] в сильной позиции (т. е.under the stress) are always heard clearly, it is impossible to confuse them. Consider for example the word "samovar". In the first pre-stressed syllable (-mo-), the letter "o" is heard quite distinctly, but not fully formed. For her transcription has its own designation [^]. In the second pre-syllable, the consonant is decorated even more indistinctly, greatly reduced. It also has its own designation [b]. Thus, the transcription will look like this: [edit ^ var].
Vowels with soft consonantsalso quite interesting. Again, in a strong position, they are heard clearly. What happens in unstressed syllables? Let us examine the word "spindle". The stressed syllable is the last. In the first preemptive, the vowel is weakly reduced, in the transcription it is designated as [ande] - and with the call e. The second and the third ones before the strike were completely reduced. Such sounds denote [b]. Thus, the transcription is as follows: [allebut].
The Potebnia linguist scheme is well known.He deduced that the first pre-stressed syllable is the clearest of all unstressed. All others are inferior in strength to him. If the vowel in a strong position is taken as 3, and the weakest reduction is 2, you get the following scheme: 12311 (the word "grammatical").
Frequent phenomena (often colloquially) whenthe reduction is zero, i.e. the vowel is not pronounced at all. There is a similar phonetic process in the middle and at the end of the word. For example, in the word "wire" we seldom pronounce the vowel in the second syllable syllable: [provlk], and in the word "to" the vowel in the syringe syllable [shtob] is reduced to zero
Reduction of consonants
Also in the modern language there is a phonetica process called consonant reduction. It lies in the fact that such a sound at the end of the word almost disappears (often zero reduction occurs).
This is related to the physiology of the pronunciation of the words:we say them on the exhale, and the air flow is sometimes not enough to well articulate the last sound. It also depends on subjective factors: the rate of speech, as well as the peculiarities of pronunciation (for example, dialects).
This phenomenon can be found, for example, in the words"disease", "life" (some dialects do not pronounce the last consonants). Also sometimes j is reduced: the word "my" we pronounce without it, although, according to the rules, it should be, since "and" it stands before the vowel.
Stunning
A separate process of reduction is stunning, when voiced consonants change under the influence of the deaf or at the absolute end of a word.
For example, take the word "mitten". Here the voiced [f] under the influence of the deaf [k], standing behind, is stunned. As a result, the combination [SC] is heard.
Another example is the absolute end of the word "oak." Here the voiced [b] is stunned to [n].
Always voiced consonants (or sonorous) alsosubject to this process, albeit very weakly. If you compare the pronunciation of the word "fir-tree", where [l] stands after a vowel, and "ox", where the same sound is at the end, it is easy to notice the difference. In the second case, the sonorous sounds shorter and weaker.
Ringing
Completely the reverse process - voicing.It already belongs to the combinatorial, i.e., depending on certain sounds that stand nearby. As a rule, this applies to deaf consonants, which are located in front of the voiced.
For example, words like "shift", "make" -here the voicing occurred at the junction of the console and the root. This phenomenon is observed in the middle of the word: co [s ‘] ba, pro [s‘] ba. The process can also take place on the border of a word and a preposition: to the grandmother, “from the village”
Softening
Another law of phonetics is that hard sounds are softened if soft consonants follow them.
There are several patterns:
- The sound [n] becomes soft if it stands before [h] or [yi]: ba [n ’] schik, karma [n’] chik, baraba [n ’] schik.
- The sound [s] is softened in the position before the soft [t '], [n'], and [s], before [d '] and [n']: th [s '] t, [s'] neg, [s '] here, in [d'] nya.
These two rules apply to all speakers of an academic language, however there are dialects where softening also occurs. For example, you can pronounce [d д] believe or [s ’].
Assimilation
You can determine the phonetic assimilation processas a comparison. In other words, sounds that are difficult to pronounce, as if they are like standing next to each other. This applies to such combinations as “sc”, “sc”, also “sc”, “hel” and “sc”. Instead, they are pronounced [y]. Happiness - [y] astier; man - mu [y] ina.
Also, the verb combinations are assimilated - and still, instead of them, [c] is heard: clowning [p] a, battle [p] a, hearing [p] a.
This also includes simplification. When a group of consonants loses one of them: so [n] tse, known [n] yak.
