The structure of abilities is a set of characteristics that determine the person's inclination to perform one or another type of activity.
What are abilities
Abilities are the properties that a person has and that allow him to engage in one or another type of activity. Their development is due to the presence of innate inclinations.
It should be noted that the structure of abilities is notcan be equated with human skills, skills, as well as a set of knowledge. Here we are talking about internal psychological processes that determine the speed and stability of acquiring certain characteristics.
Many psychologists believe that the ability can beassociated with the character traits, from which they received their development. This is the highest level at which the set of knowledge and skills is structured and gets specific outlines.
Characteristics of abilities
To successfully implement this or thatactivities of a person must be inherent in all sorts of abilities. Their structure is determined by various factors, among them congenital makings, professional sphere, education and others. Specialists identify the following characteristics, which describe the ability:
- these are individual characteristics that distinguish people from each other;
- the degree of development of abilities determines success in this or that sphere;
- are not identical to knowledge and skills, but only determine their quality and ease of acquisition;
- abilities are not hereditary;
- Do not arise independently, if the person is not engaged in a certain type of activity;
- in the absence of development of ability gradually disappear.
What are the abilities
The structure of abilities is largely determined by the extent to which the strongest aspects of a person manifest themselves most clearly in the sphere of activity. In connection with this, the following typology is distinguished:
- mental - the ability to quickly and efficiently solve the problems that arise before the individual;
- musical abilities determine the presence of hearing, voice, a good receptivity to the tempo, rhythm and melody, as well as rapid comprehension of the basics of the game on certain instruments;
- literary is the ability to complete, expressively and beautifully formulate your thoughts in writing;
- technical abilities mean good combinatorial thinking, as well as a deep understanding of the operation of certain mechanisms;
- physical - mean strong constitution and developed muscles, as well as good endurance and other parameters;
- educational abilities mean the ability to perceive and understand large amounts of information with the possibility of their further practical application;
- artistic - is the ability to perceive and transmit proportions and colors, as well as create original shapes and so on.
It should be noted that this is not a complete list of abilities that a person can possess.
Classification of abilities
The classification structure of abilities can be described as follows:
- In accordance with the origin:
- natural abilities have a biological structure and are conditioned by the development of innate inclinations;
- social abilities - those that were acquired in the process of education and training.
- In accordance with the direction:
- general abilities are necessary because they have a wide scope;
- special abilities are mandatory in the case of performing a particular type of activity.
- In accordance with the conditions of development:
- potential capabilities are manifested over time after falling into certain conditions;
- actual abilities are those that take place at a given moment in time.
- In accordance with the level of development:
- giftedness;
- talent;
- genius.
The main attributes of abilities
A category such as abilities is of considerable interest. The structure of the concept includes three main features:
- individual psychological characteristics that serve as a distinctive feature that distinguishes an individual from other people;
- The availability of abilities determines the success incarrying out activities of a certain kind (in some cases, for the performance of actions at the proper level, presence or, on the contrary, absence, of certain characteristics is required);
- it is not directly skills and skills, but individual characteristics that determine their acquisition.
Structure, ability levels
In psychology, there are two main levels of development abilities:
- reproductive (consists in how much a person perceives the incoming information, and also characterizes the volumes that can be reproduced);
- creative (implies the possibility of creating new, original images).
Degree of development abilities
The structure of the development of abilities consists of the following main degrees:
- the makings are the innate characteristics of a person, which determine his propensity for a particular type of activity;
- giftedness is the highest level of development of inclinations, which determines the feeling of ease in performing certain tasks;
- talent is an individual personality trait, which is expressed in the propensity to create something new, original;
- genius is the highest degree of development of the previous categories, which determines the ease of performing tasks of any kind;
- wisdom is an ability that allows one to soberly comprehend events occurring around, and also to draw appropriate conclusions.
Typology of people, depending on ability
The structure of abilities largely determines the quality of the individual, as well as its tendency to perform activities of a certain kind. So, it is customary to distinguish people of artistic and mental type.
If we talk about the first, his representativesvery sensitive to what is happening around, which is accompanied by a surge of emotions and impressions. This often leads to the creation of something new. As for the mental type, such people are more practical and less susceptible to external influences. They logically build their reasoning, and are also prone to building clear logical chains.
It is worth noting that belonging toartistic type does not mean that the person definitely has creative abilities. The structure of abilities allows him to acquire certain skills, as well as to easily perform such work. In addition, people of artistic type do not have a lack of mental resources at all, but they are not dominant.
The division of personalities into artistic andmental types due to the fact that different people have more developed different hemispheres. So, if the left is predominant, then the person thinks symbolically, and if the right - figuratively.
The main provisions of the theory of ability
Modern psychological science identifies several provisions on which the theory of abilities is based:
- Only relative to a specific genusactivities may exist abilities. The structure, development of abilities can be identified and studied only in relation to a specific field, and not in general.
- Abilities are considered a dynamic concept.They can develop in the process of continuous or regular performance of any activity, and can also fade away if the active stage has ended.
- Структура способностей человека во многом зависит from the age or life period in which it is located. So, at certain times favorable conditions can be created for achieving maximum results. After that, abilities may fade out.
- Psychologists still can not give a cleardetermine the differences between ability and endowment. If we speak in general terms, the first concept is related to a specific type of activity. as for giftedness, it can be both specific and general.
- The set of certain characteristics requires any activity. Ability structure ensures the success of its implementation.
The ratio of abilities and needs
Psychologists argue that between needs and abilities relations of limitation and compensation arise. In this regard, the following main points can be highlighted:
- simultaneous redundancy of abilities and needs limits the possibilities of activity;
- if abilities or needs for lack, then they can compensate each other;
- if abilities are not enough, then other needs become relevant over time;
- redundancy needs require the acquisition of new abilities.
conclusions
Abilities are specificproperties of a person, which determine his propensity to perform a particular activity. They are not innate. This category includes the makings, the presence of which greatly facilitates the process of developing abilities. Also, this concept should not be confused with talent or talent.
Психологи выделяют несколько особенностей, which characterizes the structure of personality abilities. They distinguish people from each other, and also determine their success in a particular field of activity. It is a mistake to assume that abilities are hereditary, this can only be said about the makings of. In addition, they can not occur independently, if a person is not engaged in activities of a certain kind. If there is no development, then the abilities gradually weaken and disappear (but this does not mean that they cannot be restored).
Depending on the field of activity, abilityThere are several types. so, mental allows you to quickly respond to changes in the situation, making meaningful and rational decisions. If we talk about musical abilities, it is the presence of hearing and voice, the perception of the tempo-rhythm, as well as easy mastery of playing musical instruments. Literary are manifested in the ability to beautifully design their thoughts, and technical - in the understanding of the functional features of certain mechanisms. Speaking of physical abilities, it is worth noting endurance, as well as developed muscles. Educational give the chance to perceive and reproduce large volumes of information, and art - to transfer colors and proportions. This is the main, but far from complete list of human abilities.
