Форма государственного правления – это система the highest organs of state power. This concept includes the structure of their formation and the order of distribution of powers between them. Monarchy and the republic are the main forms of state government.
The first - the monarchy - is characterized solely (or almost unilaterally) by the authorities. Under such a system, power is usually inherited.
The origin and development of a monarchical formstate government was held in the conditions of the slave system. In the feudal period this system became the main one. It is believed that the oldest monarchical dynasty in the world is the Japanese dynasty.
The classical monarchy is endowed with the following basic characteristics:
- presence of the sole head of the state, endowed with power and enjoying it for life (Pharaoh, Sultan, Emir, Shah, Emperor, King, Tsar);
- the implementation of succession to the power of hereditary order;
- the monarch's legalirresponsibility (impossibility to apply impeachment process (accusation) to the head of state). At the same time, it should be noted that in history there are many examples, such as conspiracies against monarchs, and the creation of a revolutionary situation in the country with the aim of overthrowing the autocracy.
Absolute monarchy is a form of government in which all the supreme power in accordance with the law belongs wholly to one person.
Under the constitutional autocracy, the power of the headThe state is largely confined to the representative body. As a rule, such restrictions are determined by the constitution, which, in turn, is approved by the parliament. The head of state has no right to change the constitution.
In the constitutional monarchy, dualistic and parliamentary forms of government are singled out.
Under the parliamentary system of power, the formation ofgovernment comes from the representatives of a particular party (or several parties), which received a majority of votes in the elections. The leader of the party that has the largest number of deputy seats becomes the head of state. The parliamentary form of government is characterized by the fact that the monarch does not have actual power in the judicial, executive and legislative fields. Under such a system, the parliament adopts legislative acts, the head of state formally signs them. The Constitution at the same time provides for government responsibility not before the autocrat, but before the parliament. This system of governance exists, for example, in Denmark, Belgium, Great Britain.
The dualistic monarchy has a dual character. The actual and legal separation of power is exercised in the government, which is formed by the parliament and the monarch.
The Republic is called the form of government in a state in which elected bodies exercise supreme power. These bodies are elected by the population for a set period of time.
To general features of this form of state government include:
- presence of a collegial or sole head of state;
- selectivity of the supreme authorities (including the head of state) for a certain period;
- the exercise of government (authority) on behalf of the people, and not at its discretion;
- binding of all decisions of the supreme state power;
- Presence of the legal responsibility provided by law, at the head of the state.
There is a parliamentary and presidential form of government in the state. Both varieties are modern systems of power.
In the parliamentary republic, the dominant rolein the formation of life in the country belongs to the parliament. In the presidential form of government, along with parliamentarism, the powers of the government and state head are combined in the hands of the president.
