Лексический состав русского языка разнообразен и very interesting. There are many original words in it, known only to a narrow circle of people. In lexicology, they are called restricted in use and distinguished into special groups. These include professional, outdated, and dialect words.
The latter can most often be heard in rural areas.terrain They exist mainly in lively speaking and usually reflect the realities that exist there. And for the name of the same subject, residents can equally use different options: “local”, commonly used.
Dialect word - what is it?
"Sheep grazing behind the house." Not many, having heard this phrase, will understand what is at stake. It is understandable. The colt in the Russian village is sometimes called a foal.
Dialectisms are words that are activelyused by residents of a particular locality and are not included in any of the lexical groups of the literary language. Their distribution may be limited to several localities or the whole area.
Interest in the “local” word in Russia arose back in18th century. Since then, leading linguists and linguists, including V. Dal, A. Potebnya, A. Shakhmatov, S. Vygotsky, and others, have done a lot of work in this direction. They considered various options and examples of the use of the word dialect. In the literature, both domestic and foreign, this word today intersects with such concepts as linguistic geography (particular vocabulary in different territories), social dialectology (taking into account age, profession, social position of speakers of local dialects).
Groups of dialects in Russian
In Russia, there are several options for dialects.The basic principle of combining dialect words into groups is territorial. In accordance with it, the southern and northern dialects are distinguished, which, in turn, include several dialects. Between them are located Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for the formation of the modern Russian language and therefore are most closely approximated to the literary norm.
Each group has its own dialect words. Examples of their relationships (including commonly used): house - hut (sowing) - hut (south); Say - Bait (Sev.) - Gutara (Yuzh.).
The formation of dialect words
Each speaker usually has his ownfeatures. In addition, in science it is customary to distinguish several groups that include dialect words that are different in the way they are formed (examples are given in comparison with the norm).
- Собственно лексические.They either have no connection at all with words in literary language (for example, squirrel in the Pskov region — veksha, a basket in Voronezh — sapetka), or are formed from the existing root and retain its basic meaning (in the Smolensk region, to ban means to steam).
- Lexical word-building. They differ from common words only by one affix: the poor fellow is troubled on Don, the talkative talker is in Ryazan, and so on.
- Phonemic. The difference from the existing literary norm lies in one phoneme (sound): an andyuk instead of turkeys, a pahmur — that is, overcast.
- Osemantic.They are completely identical to common words in sound, writing and form, but differ in lexical meaning: running in the Smolensk region is agile, noodles in the Ryazan region are the name of chicken pox.
Detailing life through dialect words
На многих территориях имеются свои особенности life, customs, relationships between people who most often find expression in speech. To recreate a complete picture of life in such cases it is possible through dialect words. Examples of words that highlight certain details in the general way of everyday life:
- ways of laying sheaves of hay or straw (common name - baburka) in the Pskov region: soyanka - small laying, odonok - large;
- the name of the foal in the Yaroslavl area: up to 1 year - sucker, from 1 to 2 years - snowstrike, from 2 to 3 years - uchka.
Designation of ethnographic or geographical features
Другой вариант – когда диалектные слова (примеры and their value is always of interest to "strangers") help to understand the very device of life. So, in the north it was decided to build a house and build all the outbuildings under one roof. Hence a large number of “local” words denoting different parts of the same building: the bridge is a porch and porch, an izba is a living room, a ceiling is an attic, a tower is a living room in the attic, a cheat hayloft, a fat car is a place in a cattle barn.
В Мещерском крае основной хозяйственной отраслью is forestry. Associated with it is a large group of names, which form dialect words. Examples of words: sawdust - sawmill, needles - iglishhnika, cut down places in the forest - slashing, a person engaged in stubbing up stumps - peneshnik.
The use of dialect words in fiction
Writers who work on the work useall means available to recreate the appropriate atmosphere and reveal the images of the characters. An important role in this is played by dialect words. Examples of their use can be found in the works of A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, F. Abramov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafev, M. Prishvin and many others. More often, writers turn to dialectal words whose childhood was spent in the village. As a rule, the authors themselves give footnotes containing the interpretation of words and the place of their use.
The function of dialectisms in a work of art may be different. But in any case, they give the text originality and help to realize the author's idea.
For example, C.Yesenin is a poet, for whom the Ryazan dialect words are the main means of recreating village life. Examples of their use: “in the old-fashioned old shushun” - a type of women's clothing, “at the threshold in the bowl of kvass” - a wooden tub for dough.
The so-called "village" writers have one ofways to create a literary image - the speech of the hero, which includes dialect words. Examples: “pogod (god) helped you (helped) from V. Astafyev,“ they (they) ... will ruin the land (spoil) ”- from V. Rasputin.
Значение диалектных слов можно найти в словаре:in the sensible they will be marked region. - regional or dial. - dialect. The largest special dictionary is the "Dictionary of Russian folk dialects."
The entry of dialectisms in the literary language
Sometimes it turns out that the word, onceused only by a certain group of people, goes into the category of commonly used. This is a long process, especially in the case of “local” words, but it is the case in our time.
So, very few people would think thatthe well-known word “rustling” is dialectic in origin. This is indicated by the note of I.S.Turgenev in the “Notes of the Hunter”: “the reeds rustled, as they say here,” i.e. in the Oryol province. At the writer the word is used for the first time as onomatopoeia.
These are not isolated examples. The eagle-owl, tuez, grip used to be dialect words.
The fate of dialect words in our time
Due to the increase in recent yearsThe migration processes inside the country, in dialects, are now spoken mostly by the older generation. The reason is simple - their language was formed in those conditions when the integrity of the people in certain regions of Russia was strong. The more significant is the work of people who study dialectal words, which today are becoming one of the ways to study ethnographic and cultural development, the distinctiveness of the Russian people, emphasize their individuality and originality. For the modern generation it is a living memory of the past.
