Every person who speaks Russian,he easily recognizes words such as, for example, “to speak,” “food,” “blizzard,” and can not only define them, but also use them in the correct form in context. Such words are called public or national vocabulary. But not everyone can explain what “bay”, “brashno”, “vyalitsa” means, only a small circle of people knows these words. However, the majority of people do not use such non-literary speech in conversation.
Dialect word: definition
It is generally known, used in literature andin the speech of people, regardless of their place of residence and profession, the words form the basis of the Russian language, yet the other expressions are not nationwide - they are used only in certain circles of the population. These include slang, special and dialect words. In Russian, they are also called vocabulary of limited use. Such words are divided into groups, each of which has its own characteristic.
Lexical groups
Certain masses of population, carriersnon-public vocabulary, consist of a huge number of groups scattered throughout the country and even beyond. Each of them has its own special words in everyday life, and each is divided according to a certain attribute: occupation, place of residence, and social stratum. So what words are called dialect? It is those that are used in a particular area. For example, in the Pskov region there is such a thing as northern, on Baikal the same phenomenon is called Barguzin, and on the Danube - Belozer. The literary synonym for these words is wind.
The dialect word is part of its group bylocation, and words related only to the occupation of a person constitute a professional group. But slang speech refers to certain sectors of society.
Where is found dialect vocabulary
Each area has its own specificwords used only in this locality. For example, in the south of the country one can come across such interesting words: area, which means bushes; Koszul, which corresponds to the word earth. In the northern cities you can also find interesting examples of dialect speech: teplina, which means a fire; lava - the bridge and roe - plow.
Classification of dialect expressions
В литературно-книжной речи можно встретить так Called dialectisms - words that are essentially dialectic, but have their own word-building, grammatical and phonetic features and refer to a particular dialect. Dialectisms are divided into 4 groups:
- Semantic dialectisms are a group of words that are used in a certain dialect in a non-generally accepted meaning. For example: a cloud is a thunderstorm, an order is a forest, a brazen one is a sudden one.
- Ethnographic dialects call a subject ora phenomenon peculiar to a certain population and unknown in another locality. As a rule, such a dialect word has no synonyms in generally accepted speech, and its definition can only be given descriptively. For example: plakhta - a skirt made of a piece of cloth, duleika - a wadded jacket, tonto - a thin pancake of unleavened dough.
- Phraseological dialectisms are immutablephrases that have a specific meaning only in a specific area. For example: to get bored - to fall into boredom, to wither - like something in the salt has sat down, something difficult and difficult - death without death.
Where are dialect words used?
Примеры употребления подобных выражений можно to meet not only in conversation, but also in literary works. Although, of course, the question arises of how, and most importantly, to what extent such vocabulary can be applied for artistic purposes. It is the theme of the work and the goals set by the author that determine which dialect word can be used in a particular case. There can be taken into account many factors - this is aesthetic ideals, and craftsmanship, and, of course, the described object. Indeed, sometimes, using only conventional speech, it is impossible to convey all colors and character. For example, L. N. Tolstoy often enough uses dialect words to describe peasants in his works. Examples of their use in literature can also be found in I. S. Turgenev: he used them as inclusions and quotations, which are quite clearly distinguished in the main text. Moreover, such inclusions in their composition have remarks that fully reveal their meaning, but without them the literary context would not have such brightness.
Dialects in our time
Now the authors in the works about the villages, toouse dialect words, but usually do not indicate their meaning, even if they are words of narrow application. Also, such expressions can be found in newspaper essays, where a character is characterized, his manner of speaking and the characteristics of his life, determined by the area in which he lives.
Dialectisms as part of the Russian vocabulary
If we talk about dictionaries, the first mention ofdialectisms can be found in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Great Russian Language" V.I. Dahl. In this edition you can find 150 articles devoted to this particular topic. Today, much attention is also paid to the study of dialectisms, because they, along with archaisms, neologisms, borrowed words and idioms, constitute a significant part of the vocabulary of the powerful Russian language. And although most of them are not used in everyday speech and writing, but only as a passive part, without them it would have been impossible to build vivid statements or a colorful description of any object or character. That is why great writers have so often resorted to dialectisms to make the text bright. Returning to the vocabulary, it should be noted that for the study of dialect words there is a whole science, which is called dialectology.
This linguistic discipline is studyingphonetic, grammatical, syntactic features of a language unit that is fixed geographically. Also, special attention is paid here to the study of dialectisms in fiction. Linguistics shares the understanding of these words:
- a broad approach, which is characterized by the inclusion of ordinary colloquial dialectisms in literary speech;
- narrow approach, where all the stable phrases and words are used in art and journalistic publications.
Summing up
Delving into the lexical structure of Russianlanguage, you understand how correct the phrase "great and mighty." After all, dialect words with their classification and structure are just a small part of a huge system for which their own science was created. And the stock of these very words has no permanence, it is replenished and updated. And this concerns not only dialectisms, because the number of common and commonly used words is also constantly increasing, which only emphasizes the power of the Russian language.
