Впервые термин «толерантность» появился в 1953 year The English immunologist Medavar meant by tolerance the property of the immune system, in which the body perceives an alien body as its own and does not react to it at all.
В дальнейшем слово «толерантность» стали use other scientific disciplines, in each of which it has acquired its own special significance. In the article we will consider what this concept means, synonyms of the word “tolerance”, and also denote the main problems of tolerance, arguing them with statements from fiction.
Tolerance is ...
Итак, что такое толерантность?The definition of this term is most often referred to as tolerance for the behavior, culture and ethnicity of the people around them. In sociology, tolerance is viewed as patience for a different lifestyle. But this does not mean at all that this term is a synonym for the word “indifferent”. It can be regarded as an opportunity to give others the right to live as they see fit.
In philosophy, the word "tolerance" is defined aspatience with other attitudes and habits. In society, this quality is necessary in order to exist peacefully with people of other religions, national and religious affiliations.
Ethical sciences denote tolerance asthe ability to calmly and without aggression to perceive all forms of self-expression of another person. Here, the main synonymous of tolerance are the concepts of goodwill and tolerance.
Definition problem
In general, such concepts as respect, understanding and acceptance are synonymous with tolerance.
Tolerance is not a concession, indulgenceor condescension, moreover, it does not mean tolerance for injustice on the part of another person or rejection of their own worldview and behavior patterns.
Many definitions can be considered.tolerance, but none of them will fully disclose the meaning of this process due to the fact that it is impossible to fully cover all aspects of human life. So what is tolerance? The definition of this term can be summarized as follows. Tolerance is a conscious, open-hearted tolerance, a special psychological attitude that is oriented towards a respectful perception of other values, beliefs, ways of self-expression and other components of human individuality. This is an active position that helps to achieve mutual understanding between opponents.
Tolerance in the modern world
Current problems of tolerance practicallydo not differ from those in the literary works of the classics. These include ethnic, social and gender misunderstandings. It remains to learn only one rule: no matter how much the world changes, tolerance will always be considered a virtue.
But now, more than ever, the priority task that needs to be addressed is the problem of forming tolerance. This is due to the following reasons:
- The sudden and dynamic separation of civilization according to economic, ethnic, religious, social and other criteria. In this regard, the level of intolerance in society has increased.
- The rise of religious extremism.
- Local wars exacerbated inter-ethnic relations (for example, the war between Ukraine and Russia).
- Problems with refugees.
To cultivate tolerance in someone, certain conditions, the so-called basic principles, are necessary. These include 5 positions:
- Violence should never be a means to an end.
- Freedom of choice. A person must consciously come to a certain decision.
- Force yourself without forcing others. The basic principle of tolerance is the ability of a person to remain himself, without forcing the other to change their views.
- Compliance with laws, traditions and customs is an important factor in the development of tolerance.
- To accept the other as he is, regardless of the differences.
The urgency of the problem of tolerance does not give inin doubt. After all, as the philosopher Yu. A. Schreider once remarked: “The most terrible catastrophe that threatens earth civilization is the destruction of humanity in man. Therefore, it’s written and said so much about accepting other people as they are.
Tolerance and Literature
To understand the depth of this problem, it is betterresort to literary arguments. Different life situations are described in stories, novels and short stories, where you can see from examples of the main characters what tolerance is in real life.
Актуальность проблемы толерантности впервые appeared in the literary works of ancient Russia. A wandering writer Afanasy Nikitin described the diversity of religious movements in India. In his texts, he invited the reader to think about the diversity of the world and treat people with a different faith more tolerantly.
Но особого внимания заслуживают произведения classic literature. Writers of that time talked about the problems of tolerance that existed in society. Thus, in the works of the 18th century, problems of tolerance were widespread in the scientific and educational sphere. Already in the XIX century, the problem of class tolerance began to arise. In particular, this is evidenced by the works of Tolstoy War and Peace, Turgenev Fathers and Sons, where the main arguments of the problem of tolerance are considered.
According to the classics
There are many things from the pages of classical literature.learn about the problem of tolerance. The arguments given in the works are relevant even today. Take, for example, the story "Children of the Underground" (V. G. Korolenko). The author tells the story of a little boy Vasya, who could not find understanding in his own family. Despite the fact that his father held a high position in society, he was always alone. Once he meets with Valk and Marus. These guys were from the lowest social strata of the population. So two social realities collided, which are closely intertwined with each other. Vasya was able to understand and accept the pain of others, he began to understand adults better and because of this he could improve relations with his own father.
In this work, the problem of social inequality is revealed, and as long as there is a stratification of society into classes, it will remain relevant.
Another example from classic literature isfound in the work of Tolstoy's "Going on a Chill". It mainly tells about gender tolerance, when a woman becomes an equal man. Since at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries this problem of equality became widespread, it was used as the basis for many literary works.
The problem of interethnic tolerance is gooddisclosed in the work "Sea Stories" (K. M. Stanyukovich). Russian sailors once picked up an African-American boy in the open sea and treated him with all human compassion, despite the color of his skin.
This problem is revealed in the story of L.N.Tolstoy "Prisoner of the Caucasus". The main idea that the author tried to convey was as follows: "There are no good or bad nations, there are only good and bad people of different nations."
Literary arguments
Tolerance was one of the authors' favorite themes.different style and genre. Not only in novels, short stories or short stories this problem occurs. For example, in Krylov's fables, the problem of finding a compromise between characters with different points of view is deeply visible. In the fable “Swan, Cancer and Pike”, the heroes did not pitch the cart, as everyone did what he was used to: Cancer backed away, Swan flew up, and Pike jumped into the water, therefore “it is still there”.
In the fable "Elephant and pug" a little dog withoutthe apparent reason begins to bark calmly at the walking elephant, instead of just passing by. Someone may say that this is just an amusing children's story, but, in fact, there is something else hidden here. If we draw a parallel with some events of everyday life of the present, we can see that the problem of tolerance is hidden in this uncomplicated work. Often on the streets you can meet people who quite rudely, arrogantly or discontently express their opinions to other, completely unfamiliar people. For example, the situation: a company of tourists arrived in the resort town. Their place of residence was located near the train station, so there was no point in taking a taxi, although they had bags that were not easy. But in the transition, they began to talk among themselves about the fact that it was hard to go with such a load. The woman who passed by, heard these words and expressed her opinion, saying that they came "rogue" and can not afford to take the transport.
The situation is not quite characteristic, but it is great for drawing an analogy with the fable "Elephant and the Pug".
Own and alien
Проблема толерантности в художественной literature presents a wide variety of works. It appears in the children's fairy tales of Andersen and Pushkin, it can be seen in the stories about Winnie the Pooh and Carlson. Examples of tolerant behavior can serve as animals from the work of Kipling "Mowgli".
Arguments of tolerance can be found inevery second literary work. Even in stories of war or political repression there is a place for something human. Take, for example, “Alpine Ballad” by V. Bykov. The events of history unfold during the Great Patriotic War. Prisoners escape from the fascist camp: Russian soldiers Ivan and Julia, a girl from Italy. They had only three days. Three days of long-awaited freedom, chase and life in the most difficult conditions. When the fascists overtook the fugitives, Ivan took all the blame on himself, for which he paid with his life. Julia all her life cherished the memory of a brave soldier. After the end of the war, she found his relatives in Russia and wrote to them about the death of Ivan. She wanted to tell about the feat of a simple soldier who saved an unfamiliar foreigner. They did not even know each other's language.
Here is a transnational issue.tolerance. Arguments from the literature that are written in a similar vein, reveal the deep meaning of tolerance and humanity. The reader would understand the behavior of the protagonist if he defended his compatriot. But there was an Italian with whom they were not even familiar. So why did he do that? The main character did not divide people into “Russians” and “non-Russians” and simply did what he could have done if someone else was in the place of the Italian. The author tried to show that there is no such thing as "one's own" and "someone else's"; there is just a person in need of help.
Love line
Not less colorfully described the problem of adoptionothers in the novel M. Sholokhov "Silent Don". Here, in the harsh conditions of civil war, tolerance seems to be something impossible, but the author introduces an additional “variable” that is at the level above conventions - this is love.
Герои романа – Дуняшка Мелехова и Мишка Кошевой - loved each other. But during the revolution, their families stood on opposite sides of the barricades, and when all the hostilities ended, Bear Koshevoy turned out to be an enemy for the Dunyashka family. But they are in love, and this love is above all conventions. Morality will always stand above ideological and political preferences.
From words to deeds
Much has been written about tolerance, onlyin practice, everything is completely different. Beautiful stories about making people with a different worldview exist only in books, but not in the real world. In particular, it concerns the younger generation.
Проблемы толерантности в молодежной среде provoked, above all, asocial behavior and commercialization of relations. In the younger generation, modern devices always come first, and only then everything else. Former values have long been lost. New youth groups and movements are created daily, the number of antisocial radical organizations is growing. Simply put, in the circle of adolescents and young people to be tolerant is now "not fashionable."
В учебных заведения, в частности школах, изучают concept of tolerance. However, further definition is not the case. Studies show that the level of acceptance of others falls. Perhaps the reason for the lack of positive examples that could show how to be tolerant, perhaps few of the students read the Russian classics. Nevertheless, sooner or later each of them will have to write an essay on the theme “The Problem of Tolerance”.
And this can be a serious problem when there is no clear understanding of the problem, and the essay is the task of the USE.
To write an essay "The Problemtolerance, ”arguments from the literature are extremely important. They can be used as a basis for drawing analogies with events in the modern world. Alternatively, you can briefly describe the work and explain why his opinion is authoritative. The second option is much easier, but for example, let's try to combine two ways of writing an essay.
Example of an essay
«Возможно, совсем скоро люди станут жить в absolute isolation from each other to save their fragile world from outsiders. But this will not happen soon, although there are already serious prerequisites for this transition - a low level of tolerance in society. Now you need to meet the word "norm".
Если в человеке есть хотя бы что-то отличающееся, it may not be accepted into a collective, a society, or even worse, to become an outcast. As the heroine from L. Ulitskaya's story “The Daughter of Bukhara”, Mila. A girl has suffered from Down syndrome since childhood. She is brought up by her mother and she makes every effort so that the girl is happy. But the attitude towards people with special needs in society is indifferent, and if you are lucky, it is indulgent.
"A variety of idiots" and "useless membersSocieties ”is just a few epithets that the author characterized society’s attitude to“ other ”people. For some reason, it is believed that such people are not entitled to compassion, respect or understanding.
But there are people that have other, distinctivespecifications. It is worth remembering L. Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. The main character Pierre Bezukhov does not fit into secular society at all. And here it is not so much about his clumsiness, as about the character. He is naive, gullible and ingenuous. Open to the world and very kind. But where egoism and hypocrisy are held in high esteem, he is a stranger.
И в современном мире почти на каждом шагу there are similar situations. The boy had an accident and became disabled, now he is much less likely to join the society when he grows up. In time, former friends will turn away, start to ignore and bypass those around them. Now he is disabled, useless member of society. A girl who likes to read books, does not watch television and very rarely visits the Internet, also feels the slanting glances of peers.
Such situations make you wonder whetherpeople call people when they exclude themselves from their society without bitterness and regrets. To be tolerant is to remain human. And in this, everyone can succeed if they just treat others the way they would like to be treated. ”
The problem of tolerance is difficult to understand.It can occur in various spheres of life and situations. And summing up the above, we can note the following: tolerance is humanity. But humanity is nothing more than the ability to live with its own kind, without diminishing their significance and without losing their individuality.
