Mankind could not have achieved todayprogress without the possibility of verbal communication with each other. Speech is our wealth. The ability to communicate with people of both their own and other nationalities allowed countries to come to the current level of civilization.
Someone else's speech
In addition to their own words, there isconcept as “alien speech”. These are statements that do not belong to the author, but are included in the general conversation. Also, the words of the author himself are also referred to as someone else’s speech, but only those phrases that he spoke either in the past or plans to say in the future. Mental, so-called "inner speech" also applies to someone else. It can be oral or written.
As an example, let us quote from the book of Mikhail Bulgakov “Master and Margarita”: “Do you think?” Berlioz whispered in alarm, and he thought: “But he is right!”
Transmit someone else's speech
Over time, special ways of transmitting someone else's speech appeared in the language:
- Direct speech.
- Indirect speech.
- Dialogue.
- Citation.
Direct speech
If we consider ways to transfer someone else's speech, then this is intended for literal reproduction of the form and content of the conversation.
Конструкции прямой речи состоят из двух частей – these are the words of the author and, in fact, direct speech. The structure of these structures may be different. So, how can the ways of transmitting someone else's speech occur? Examples:
- First come the words of the author, and after them a direct speech.
Masha entered the hotel room, looked around, and then turned to Kolya and said: “Great room! I would even live here. ”
- Here at first there is a direct speech, and only then the words of the author.
“Great room! I would even live here,” said Masha Kole, when she entered the hotel room.
- The third method allows you to alternate direct speech with the words of the author.
“Great room!” Masha admired when she entered the hotel room. Then she turned to Kolya: “I would live here.”
Indirect speech
Speech from a third party can be transmittedin various ways. One of them is the use of indirect speech. Indirect speech is complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clauses. In this way, the transmission of someone else's speech can be carried out. Examples:
Masha told Kolya that the hotel room is excellent, and she would even stay in it.
They greeted each other, and Andrei told Mikhail Viktorovich that he was very glad to see him.
Means of communication
То, каким союзом либо союзным словом соединить the main and subordinate clauses in indirect speech are called the choice of means of communication. It depends on the source sentence and on the purpose of the statement. The message can be narrative, motivating or interrogative.
- In the declarative sentence most oftenalliances are “what”, “like”, or “like”. For example: A student said: "I will speak at a seminar on the environmental problems of the region." / The student said that he would speak at a seminar on the environmental problems of the region.
- Union is used in the incentive offer."To". For example: The school director ordered: "Take part in the city exhibition." / The school director ordered to take part in the city exhibition.
- In an interrogative sentence by means of communicationthere may be a relative pronoun, a particle "whether", or a double particle "whether ... whether." For example: Students asked the teacher: “When should I take the coursework in your subject?” / Students asked the teacher when it would be necessary to take the coursework.
В косвенной речи принято употреблять местоимения and verbs from the perspective of the speaker. When sentences are transferred from direct to indirect speech, the order of words often changes in them, as well as the loss of individual elements. Most often these are interjections, particles or introductory words. For example: “Tomorrow, it may be completely cold,” said my friend. / My friend suggested that it would be completely cold tomorrow.
Inappropriate-direct speech
Considering ways to transfer someone else's speech, you shouldto mention such a phenomenon as improperly direct speech. This concept includes both direct and indirect speech. A statement of this kind retains, in whole or in part, both the syntactic and lexical features of speech, conveys the manner of the speaker.
Its main feature is the transfer of the narrative. It is on behalf of the author, and not on the character himself.
Например:"She paced the room, not knowing what to do. Well, how to explain to the brother that it was not she who told all the parents. They won’t tell about it themselves. But who would believe her? How many times did she give him tricks, but here ... come up with something. "
Dialogue
Еще одним способом передачи чужой речи является dialogue. This is a conversation between several people, expressed by direct speech. It consists of replicas, that is, the transfer of the words of each participant in the conversation without their changes. Each spoken phrase is associated with others in structure and meaning, and punctuation marks do not change when transmitting someone else’s speech. The dialogue may contain the words of the author.
For example:
- Well, and how do you like our number? - asked Kohl.
- Great room! - Masha answered him. - I would even live here.
Types of dialogs
There are several basic types of dialogs. They convey the conversations of people with each other and, like the conversation, may be of a different nature.
- The dialogue may consist of questions and answers to them:
- Great news! And when will the concert take place? - asked Vika.
“In a week, on the seventeenth.” It will be at six o'clock. You must go, you will not regret!
- Sometimes the speaker is interrupted in mid-sentence. In this case, the dialogue will consist of unfinished phrases that the interviewee continues:
- And at this time our dog began to bark loudly ...
- Oh, I remember! You were still in a red dress. Yes, we had a great time that day. It will be necessary to repeat somehow.
- In some dialogs, the speaker's cues complement and continue the general idea. They tell about one common subject:
- Here we will dig some more money and we can already get a small house, - said the father of the family.
- Yes, somewhere far away from the bustle of the city center. Better on its outskirts. Or even in the suburbs, closer to nature, the forest, to fresh air, ”mom caught his thought.
- And I will have my own room! I have to have my own room! And dog! We'll get the dog, right, mom? - asked seven-year-old Anya.
- Of course. Who else can guard our house? - Mom answered her.
- Sometimes the conversation may agree or refute each other's statements:
“I called her today,” he said to his sister, “I think she felt bad.” The voice is weak and hoarse. Got sick quite.
“No, she is already better,” the girl replied. - The temperature subsided, and the appetite appeared. He'll be well soon.
This is the main form of dialogue.But do not forget that we do not communicate only in one style. During the conversation, we combine different phrases, situations. Therefore, there is a complex form of dialogue, containing various combinations of it.
Quotations
When a student is asked:"What are the ways to transfer someone else's speech," he, most often, recalls the concepts of direct and indirect speech, as well as quotations. Quotes are the literal reproduction of a person’s statement. Cited phrases in order to clarify, confirm or refute someone's thought.
Confucius once said: “Choose a job you like, and you don’t have to work a single day in your life.”
Quote as a way to transfer someone else's speech helpsdemonstrate their own education, and sometimes drive the interlocutor to a deadlock. Most people know that certain phrases were once uttered by someone, but who those people were was unknown to them. Using quotes, you need to be sure of their authorship.
Finally
There are various ways to transmit someone else's speech.The main are direct and indirect speech. There is a way that includes both of these concepts - it is an improperly direct speech. Conversations of two or more people are called dialogue. And this is also the transfer of someone else's speech. Well, quoting Socrates: "The only true wisdom is in the realization that we essentially know nothing."
