In our time in different countries of the world there arevarious models of social policy. In today's Russia, much more needs to be done to become a social state, not in words, but in deed, as it is written in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The very first system of social protection of the population is the policy of social insurance, created in the 19th century by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, which presupposed the introduction of special programs for different social groups. Such a system was considered corporate conservative, as it was oriented toward social differences. The rights of citizens depended on their social status.
In the current European countries there are three models social policies that can be called conservative, American-British and Social-Democratic.
In the first model, the state responds onlyfor the issuance of social benefits. Such models are held in Germany, France, Austria, Belgium. In West Germany, in 1946, the so-called "social market economy" was introduced, the idea of which was to create conditions for the self-realization of citizens in the economy. Funds of social insurance are financed by the employer and employee and are divided by type of activity. In such a model social policy, the principle of insurance meant the right to receive services to those who made contributions to the funds.
Another model, called the British or US-British, is a system that allows the government to give citizens only a subsistence minimum.
Benefits are paid to all who are at the lineliving wage. This is targeted social assistance to the poorest sections of the population. Such a model of social policy of the state is held in England, the United States of America, Australia.
And, finally, another model was implemented in theKingdom of Sweden. This social democratic model is also called the Scandinavian model, since it functions in several Nordic countries - Norway, Finland and Denmark. In the Scandinavian model, the degree of redistribution of incomes and expenses is significantly higher in comparison with the previous two models. Representatives of different social groups have the same rights regarding social security. In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Social Democrats created a system that was based on ensuring a living wage that was common to all. In this model social policy, a significant share of the cost is incurredThe state, mainly responsible for the social support of the population of their country. A significant role in social policy (culture, health, education) is given to municipalities. The main goals of social policy are the developers of "Swedish socialism" called 100% employment and income leveling. Achieving these goals is carried out through the redistribution of income, through tax policy,
For Russia, probably, would be most interestingScandinavian variant, as in our country the experience of social partnership is relatively small, and the trade unions are still rather weak. The social-democratic variant of the social state would allow a compromise between the state, labor and capital. An early introduction to the taxation system of the progressive scale, as in the Scandinavian model, would facilitate the realization of greater social justice in Russia. Such a paternalistic model of social policy would be of interest to most Russians. However, it will hardly be possible to come to a policy of social responsibility in Russia, until the neoliberal attitudes are directed towards social solidarity and public partnership.
