The Russian hut symbolizes Russia in the small.Its architecture is the steadfastness of traditions that have come down to us thanks to the loyalty of the peasants to the commandments of the past. For several centuries, developed the style, layout and decor of the Russian hut. The interior of all houses is practically no different; it houses several elements: several living rooms, an entrance hall, a storage room and an upper room, as well as a terrace.
Hut in Russia: History
The hut is a wooden structure,which, up to a third of its part, goes underground, resembling a half dugout. Those houses where there was no chimney, called the Kursk. The smoke from the stove went out through the entrance doors, so during the fire it hung over the ceiling. So that soot does not fall on people, special shelves were built around the perimeter of the walls. A little later, they began to make holes in the wall, and then in the ceiling, which was closed with a latch. Dekor russian izba kurna was unremarkable.There were no floors as such, they were earthen, the house also had no windows, there were only small windows for lighting. At night, used to illuminate the room splinter. After several centuries, white huts began to appear, in which there were furnaces with pipes. Such a house is considered a classic Russian hut. She was divided into several zones: the stove corner, separated from the others by a curtain, on the right at the entrance was a female angle, and near the hearth - the male one. On the east side of the horizon, the house had a so-called red corner, where an iconostasis was placed in a certain order on a special shelf under the embroidered towels.
Interior finish
The ceiling in the house was of poles, whichpreviously split in half. On the powerful beam laid out the bars, slit smeared with clay. Above the ceiling poured the ground. The cradle was hung on a beam on a special ring. Such a decor of a Russian izba inside assumed the cladding of the inner walls with linden boards. Near the walls were placed the benches on which they slept, and chests where they kept things. Shelves were nailed to the walls. Special luxury inside the hut was not. Every thing that could be seen there was needed on the farm, there was nothing superfluous. Items for cooking were placed in the women's corner, and there was a spinning wheel.
Decor elements of the Russian izba
В избах все блистало чистотой.Embroidered towels were hung on the walls. Furniture was scarce, beds and wardrobes appeared only in the nineteenth century. The main element was the dining table, which was located in the red corner. Each family member always sat down at his place, the owner sat under the icons. On weekdays, the table was not covered with a tablecloth, no decorations were hung on the walls. On holidays, the hut was transformed, the table was pushed to the middle of the room, covered with a tablecloth, festive tableware was placed on the shelves. Another element of the decor served as a large chest, which was in each hut. Clothes were kept in it. It was made of wood, trimmed with iron bands and had a large lock. Also, the decor of the Russian hut suggested the presence of benches where they slept, and a hanging cradle for infants, which was passed down from generation to generation.
Threshold and canopy
The first thing they encountered when they entered the hut,- This is the hallway, which was a room between the street and the heated room. They were very cold and used for business purposes. Here hung a rocker and other necessary items. Stored in this place and food. Before entering the warm room, a high threshold was built, where the guest was to bow to the owners of the house. Over time, the bow was added with the sign of the cross before the icons.
Russian stove
When they got into the main room, the first thing they noticed was the stove. So, decor Russian izba assumes the presence of such a main elementas a Russian stove, without which the room was considered uninhabited. They also cooked food on it, burning garbage in it. It was massive and kept warm for a long time, it had several dampers for smoke. It housed many shelves and niches for storing dishes and other household items. For cooking, they used cast iron, which were placed in the oven with the help of stag beetles, as well as pans, clay pots and jugs. Here was a samovar. Since the stove was in the center of the room, it warmed the house evenly. It was placed on the bed, on which could fit up to six people. Sometimes the structure was of such a size that it could be washed in it.
Red corner
An integral part of the interior decoration of the hutwas considered the red corner, which was located in the eastern part of the house. It was considered a sacred place, embroidered towels, icons, holy books, candles, holy water, Easter eggs and so on were placed here. Under the icons there was a table where they were eating, there was always bread on it. Icons symbolized the altar of the Orthodox church, and the table - the church throne. Here they received the most honored guests. Of the icons in each hut were obligatory images of the Virgin, the Savior and Nicholas. Heads of beds were turned to the red corner. In this place many rituals were performed that are associated with birth, wedding or funeral.
Stalls and Chests
The chest was also an important element of the decor.He passed on from mother to daughter and was located near the stove. All the decoration of the house was very harmonious. There were several types of shops: long, short, kutny, sudny and so-called beggars. Various household items were placed on them, and an uninvited guest or a beggar, who entered the house without an invitation, could sit on the “impoverished” shop. The benches symbolized the road in many old rites.
Thus, we see a cozy Russian hut, the unity of design and decor which is a wonderful creation thatcreated a peasant. There was nothing superfluous in the house, all interior items were used in the daily life of the owners. On holidays, the hut was transformed, it was decorated with hand-made objects: embroidered towels, weaved tablecloths and many others. This needs to be remembered if you need to bring a drawing to school on this topic. In the 5th grade at the Fine Arts "decor of Russian izba" is one of the tasks provided by the program.
People settled in their huts, comparing them with the world order. Here every corner and detail is filled with a special meaning, they show the relationship of a person with the outside world.
