The whole history of the development of human activityinextricably linked with the development of means of accumulation, transmission and processing of information. Very important for the life of every person and society as a whole is data storage. Even in ancient times, people were faced with the need to preserve information.
Terms and Definitions
Information is information about objects of the surrounding world that are perceived by a person, animal, plant world or a special device.
A carrier is a physical medium on which or within which information can be recorded.
Data storage is recorded on externalstorage information that is intended for long-term storage and permanent use. Key features: volume, reliability, access time (time needed to search for messages), availability of information protection. In modern conditions for the preservation of materials using various technical means.
Computer science is the science of data and processes in nature and society, the methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing, transmitting, using and managing processes.
Information technology is a set of tools and methods for collecting, processing, storing, transmitting and protecting information.
Information process: examples in systems
Consider such a familiar artificial system as a library. It carries out at least four basic information processes:
- storage - books and other printed materials are located in the library;
- search - when the reader orders a book, the librarian must find it;
- transfer - presented in the book information transmitted to the reader;
- processing - when the library receives new literature, the data about which are entered into the catalog; reading, the reader processes the data, thereby the information process takes place.
Examples of the same processes we can observe intechnical system, let's say, in a mobile communication system. One of the most important is the process of using data, thanks to which the information needs of the systems and their elements are satisfied.
Информационная система - это элементы (hardware, software, data) which, interacting with each other, provide users with the necessary information as a particular information process. Examples of the use of today's information systems can be found everywhere: in enterprises, in banks and institutions. They help to carry out accounting, provide information to employees and ensure the operation of industrial equipment (automatic lines, machines, etc.).
Learning the basics of information technology
For example, the training theme "Information and information processes" (the latter are formulated in the form of requirements for the knowledge and skills of students) will be considered.
Pupils need to know the concept of information technology; names and purposes of the main software systems.
Also, students should be able to fix the subject area and its objects, select and select (or develop) methods for solving this problem in a specific subject area.
At all stages of development of society suchtechnologies were used to ensure the exchange of data between people, reflected the appropriate level and possibilities of using data recording, storage, processing and transmission systems, thereby developing the information process.
Examples in computer science tasks for the development of the school course:
- familiarize students with the concept of information technology;
- to form the concept of technology as a set of methods, tools and techniques that are used to solve problems in a specific subject area;
- master the basic skills of working with a personal computer;
- show the role and place of information technology in modern society.
Methods of teaching information technology
Basic knowledge of learning informationTechnology - this is computer information, information processes. Grade 8 high school - this is the initial level of obtaining these skills. We note the main points on the method of obtaining such knowledge.
- Use the classification of information technology with the aim of choosing to study software and technologies for solving problems in specific subject areas.
- Develop a system of exercises for solving problems from different subject areas.
- It is necessary to highlight the main didactic units for learning new technologies.
- Использовать информационные технологии и процессы for learning software a single interface. Tools that are not based on the graphical user interface (GUI from the English Graphic User Interface) have a command structure based on a hierarchical menu.
- It is advisable to immediately acquaint students withterms: what is information and information processes, informatics, familiarize them with professional tools in order to ensure the practical significance of knowledge.
- When teaching information and communication technologies, it is desirable to use information models.
- The main method of teaching should be the method of expediently selected tasks and the method of demonstrating examples based on the extensive use of interactive technologies.
Information model
An information model is a description of an object orprocess, which indicates their some typical properties and characteristics that are important for solving a specific problem. Mathematical modeling today is an essential factor in various spheres of human activity: in planning, forecasting, management, in designing mechanisms and systems. The study of real phenomena using such models, as a rule, requires the use of computational methods. It is widely used: the theory of probability and mathematical statistics, computer science, computational and mathematical information process. Examples of modeling, the purpose of which is to obtain numerical values of the parameters of a process or phenomenon, are very numerous: analytical, computational, imitational.
Methods of familiarizing students with the concept of the model
Содержательная линия моделирования рядом с линией Information processes refers to the basics of an informatics course. However, one should not assume that this topic is only theoretical in nature and is separated from all other topics. Information technology programming - DBMS, table editors and others - should be considered as methods for processing information models. It is advisable to note that the formation of students' proper understanding of the content of solving problems is one of the important goals of studying the course of computer science, which is achieved gradually. The concept of a model is directly related to the concept of an object. But in reality there is no precise definition. Introducing this concept, one can simply note that various manifestations of animate and inanimate nature surround people, which can be called objects of human attention.
Ideas and methods of structured programming
Using structural methodsprogramming creates skills of strict adherence to the discipline of labor in the design of algorithms, which greatly contributes to the development of logical thinking of students in the early stages of learning the basics of algorithms. It is important to show students that the instruction to complete and receive a solution to a certain task can be viewed as a separate instruction that represents the desired results and will be provided as a specific value that depends on the input data. Since not every exercise can be done by students, it becomes necessary to submit it in the form of some finite, ordered set of instructions on how to perform simple actions, which will also lead to the desired results. It is important that students, analyzing specially selected examples, come to the conclusion that the degree of detailing the tasks assigned depends on the set of operations that the algorithm performer can perform.
Training Algorithmic Language
К важным вопросам методики обучения основам Algorithmization refers to the choice of programming method for studying in secondary schools. Schooling should be conducted on the basis of a specially created language. At the same time, not only is the dictionary and the set of grammatical rules assimilated, but also ways are opened to a new style of thinking. The question of choosing a programming language was considered in the works of many scientists, where various ways were proposed on how to implement the educational information process. Examples in computer science for studying this subject are as follows:
- When solving scientific and industrial problems.
- In machine-oriented languages.
- The development of specific programming languages and schemes.
- Training based on a specially developed learning algorithm.
Практика показала, что ни один из первых 3 путей does not justify itself in the context of studying the general informatics subject, since they do not solve the problem of forming the foundations of students' information culture. Therefore, to solve the cognitive tasks of the training course, it is necessary to combine the main ideas of each of the proposed paths.
Means for information processing
The process of information provision meansfor the analysis of information objects is the use of application programs that are created specifically for such processing. You can offer students the following training scheme:
- Demonstration using specific examples of characteristics of the use of the environment.
- Analysis of objects, types of messages, ways of their presentation, ways of obtaining the results of processing messages.
- Familiarization with the main components of the interface environment.
- Rules of work with the built-in help system.
- Familiarity with the main functions and modes of the environment.
- Study of a specific program (according to a separate scheme).
- Theoretical generalization of the main modes of operation and environmental functions.
- Theoretical summary at the level of basic guidelines.
- Perform similar tasks in another environment for a similar purpose.
Visual programming system
For each event, the forms and controlscan somehow "react" in accordance with the written code that is created by the user for each object separately. In this process, it is necessary to describe in detail each step. One of the drawbacks of this style is that the one who makes up the project must write everything down himself. In programming, focused on the reaction to events, instead of a detailed description of each step, the author should indicate how to respond to different events (or user actions), which, for example, include the choice of instructions, clicking the mouse button, moving the mouse, etc. one event can provide some reaction, the other - just ignore. At the same time, not one large program is created, but several, which consist of a set of interrelated procedures controlled by the user.
Methods for studying the visual programming environment
One of the reasons for the poor performance of moststudents have a slow adaptation to the information load. A large amount of material in various academic subjects leads to the fact that a significant number of students cannot assimilate it. Improving the situation is possible in particular through the choice of approaches to learning. One of these approaches is based on building in the children's thinking a “model” of the subject of each science. This involves performing such mental actions as finding patterns, finding analogies, finding hierarchical dependencies between objects, comparing, etc. The study of object-oriented programming can be considered as one of the means of developing intellectual skills and various types of students' thinking. This approach involves a new understanding of the processes of computing, as well as the structuring of data in computer memory. In the oriented approach, the concept of an object is introduced that contains “knowledge” of the essence of the real world. The subject or set of objects has important functional significance in this area. Creating such an object in the system, the student must select in it the problems essential for the use, to know and be able to use any information processes. A test or an exam in this case should be conducted on the ability to form or put into practice the ability to compare, highlight the most important, generalize.
