As one of the arts, literature hasown artistic techniques based on the possibilities of language and speech. They are collectively referred to as the term “figurative means in literature”. The task of these means is to describe the depicted reality extremely expressively and convey the meaning, the artistic idea of the work, as well as create a certain mood.
Trails and figures
Expressive means of language arevarious paths and figures of speech. The word "trope" in Greek means "turn", that is, it is some kind of expression or word used in a figurative sense. The author uses trails as a graphic expressive means in the literature for greater figurativeness. Epithets, metaphors, impersonations, hyperboles, and other artistic techniques refer to paths. The figures of speech are speech turns that enhance the emotional tone of the work. Antithesis, epiphora, inversion, and many others are visual means in literature related to stylistic reception under the common name “figures of speech”. Now consider them in more detail.
Epithets
The most common literary device isthe use of epithets, that is, figurative, often metaphorical, words, picturesquely describing the described object. We will meet epithets in folklore (“honorable feast”, “countless gold treasury” in the epic “Sadko”) and in author’s works (“cautious and deaf” sound of a fallen fruit in Mandelstam’s poem). The more expressive the epithet, the more emotional and brighter the image created by the artist of the word.
Metaphors
The term "metaphor" came to us from Greeklanguage, as the designation of most trails. It literally means “figurative meaning.” If the author likens a drop of dew to a grain of a diamond, and a crimson bunch of mountain ash to a bonfire, then this is a metaphor.
Metonymy
Very interesting visual language tool -metonymy. Translated from the Greek - renaming. In this case, the name of one object is transferred to another, and a new image is born. Peter the Great's great dream come true about all the flags that will be “visiting us” from the Pushkin “The Bronze Horseman” is an example of metonymy. The word "flags" replaces the concepts of "country, state" in this case. Metonymy is readily used in the media and in colloquial terms: “The White House,” for example, is not the name of a building, but its inhabitants. When we say “passed teeth”, we mean that the toothache has disappeared.
Sinekdokh in translation - the ratio.This is also a transfer of meaning, but only on a quantitative basis: “the German moved to the attack” (meaning the German regiments), “the bird does not fly in here, the beast does not come here” (this is, of course, many beasts and birds).
Oxymoron
Expressive means inliterature is also an oxymoron. The stylistic figure, which may turn out to be a stylistic mistake, is the unification of the incompatible, in a literal translation this Greek word sounds like “witty-stupid”. Examples of an oxymoron are the names of the famous books “Hot Snow”, “Raised Virgin Land” or “Living Corpse”.
Concurrency and Parcel
Often as an expressive receptionthey use parallelism (intentional use of similar syntactic constructions in adjacent lines and sentences) and parcellation (division of the phrase into separate words). We will find an example of the first in the book of Solomon: “It’s time to lament, and time to dance.” An example of the second:
- “I'm coming. And you go. We are with you on the way.
I will find. You - you will not find. If you go after you. ”
Inversion
Какие изобразительные средства в художественной Speech can meet more? Inversion. The term is derived from the Latin word and translates as "permutation, inversion." In the literature, inversion refers to the permutation of words or parts of a sentence from the usual to the reverse order. This is done to make the statement look more significant, biting or colorful: “Our long-suffering people!”, “Crazy century, crazed”.
Hyperbola. Litotes. Irony
Expressive visual tools inliterature - it is also hyperbole, litos, irony. The first and second fall into the category of exaggeration-understatement. The description of the bogatyr Mikula Selyaninovich, who “pulled out” from the ground of the plow with one hand, which Volga Svyatoslavovich’s whole choir could not budge, could be called a hyperbole. Litota, on the other hand, makes the image ridiculously small when it is said about a miniature dog that it is “no more than a thimble”. The irony, which literally sounds in translation as “pretense,” is intended to call the subject not what it seems. This is a subtle mockery in which the literal meaning is hidden under the opposite statement. For example, here is an ironic appeal to a tongue-tied person: “What can you, Cicero, not have two words together?” The ironic meaning of the message lies in the fact that Cicero was a brilliant orator.
Impersonation and comparison
Picturesque paths are the comparison andimpersonation. These graphic tools in literature create a special poetics that appeals to the reader's cultural erudition. Comparison is the most frequently used technique when a swirling vortex of snowflakes near window glass is compared, for example, with a swarm of midges flying into the light (B. Pasternak). Or, like Joseph Brodsky, a hawk in the sky is flying “like a square root.” With impersonation, inanimate objects acquire “living” properties by the will of the artist. This is the “breathing of the pot”, from which the “leather jacket becomes warm”, in Yevtushenko or the small “maple tree” in Yesenin, who “sucks” the “green udder” of an adult tree, near which he grew up. And let us remember Pasternak's blizzard, which “sculpts” on the window glass “circles and arrows”!
Pun. Gradation. Antithesis
Among the stylistic figures we can mention the pun, gradation, antithesis.
A pun, a French term in origin, implies an ingenious play on different meanings of a word. For example, in a joke: "He pulled a bow and went to a masquerade in a costume of Chipollino."
Graduation is the production of homogeneous members in order to strengthen or weaken their emotional intensity: he entered, he saw, he seized.
The antithesis is dramatically overwhelming.opposition, like Pushkin’s in “Little Tragedies,” when he describes the table, which was recently feasted on, and now stands a coffin on it. Accepting the antithesis reinforces the gloomy metaphorical meaning of the narrative.
Here are the main pictorial tools that the master uses to give his readers a spectacular, embossed and colorful world of the word.
