HPV type 16 DNA: genome structure, characteristics and treatment of the disease

Вирус папилломы человека (ВПЧ) известен уже много years old. Scientists have long established the connection of this pathogen with the restructuring of the normal tissues of the body, but it was not possible to prove the direct dependence of the occurrence of neoplasms. HPV has many types, currently open about 100 species. It is present in the majority of the world's population, and many are only carriers of the virus and do not suffer from its manifestations. Depending on the type of virus, its effect on the body is determined. Some types of HPV are harmless, others cause warts, genital warts and even cancer. In connection with the accepted classification, non-oncogenic and oncogenic groups are distinguished. The latter may have both low and high risk of developing tumors.

HPV transmission routes

Since the human papillomavirus is oneof the most common, anyone can get it. Both in women and in men, DNA of HPV type 16 can be detected. This type of virus is always alarming doctors, as it belongs to the group of oncogenic and has a high risk of developing malignant tumors. The most frequent way of transmitting HPV is sexual. This is due to the fact that in most cases it lives on the genitals. In addition, the virus can be transmitted by contact-household, which is much less common. This happens only when the affected mucosal areas come into contact with healthy tissue. Inogd, HPV is observed in children who receive it from the mother during childbirth.

What causes papillomavirus?

Currently investigated many differentHPV types, as well as the effect of each on the human body. It depends on the structure of the genome of viruses, which is different. It is known that the DNA of HPV 16 type has the greatest ability to develop carcinogenesis, that is, cancer regeneration of normal cells of the body. Many species cause warts - formations on various surfaces of the body. They can be localized on the skin, in the genital area, on the heels, on the mucous membrane of the larynx. Another name for warts is condyloma, which can be common, flat or peaked. HPV 16 and type 18 cause the most dangerous conditions - dysplasia and cervical cancer. These viruses are considered fairly common, so their study is very important for medicine.

DNA of HPV 16 type: structure

The diameter of human papillomavirus is 50 nm.The form of HPV resembles a geometric shape - ixohedron, which consists of 72 parts - capsomeres. The virus has a special envelope - the capsid, which is located symmetrically. Genetic information about HPV is stored on its DNA, which is represented by two cyclically closed chains. Its molecular weight is 3-5 mD. HPV-16 DNA has an infectious and transforming component. The genome coding chain contains 10 reading frames, which may be early or late. This is determined by their location in the structure of DNA. The coding part carries information about the proteins that make up the virus. It is peptides that are responsible for all the properties that HPV has. Proteins E5-7 are specific for oncogenic viruses, they contribute to the formation of dysplasia and cancer transformation.

Papillomavirus type 16 in men and women

HPV occurs in many people, but only a smallpart is examined to detect it. This is due to the fact that most virus types are harmless and do not manifest themselves. Some people have warts and warts, but they are not always a cause for concern. Typically, HPV diagnosis is carried out in gynecological and venereological clinics, since those types of virus that can lead to the cancer process are often localized to the external and internal genital organs. Usually there are oncogenic types of HPV. Type 16 in women leads to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in 50-60% of cases, so its diagnosis is extremely important. Scientists are still conducting research aimed at establishing the relationship of the action of this virus with cell degeneration. HPV type 16 in men can lead to cancer of the external genital organs and the formation of papillomas in the oral cavity.

Methods for diagnosing papillomavirus

Most often for the detection of HPV in womenThe examination is carried out by a gynecologist. If dysplasia or cervical cancer is suspected, the doctor recommends that the patient exclude sexual intimacy and antivirals for several days before the test. The study takes material from the cervical canal and urethra. After taking a smear, it is sent to the laboratory, where PCR is performed. This method allows you to detect the presence or absence of the DNA of the virus in the test material. Another diagnostic method is ELISA, for which it is necessary to donate blood. This analysis will determine the level of antibody titer to HPV, as well as the presence of a chronic process.

HPV 16 type: treatment

When a papillomavirus is detected, you must firstdeal to strengthen the immune system. Due to the danger of HPV type 16, treatment is extremely necessary. If a woman has conditions such as cervical erosion, genital warts, erythro- and lymphoplakia, dysplasia, it is urgent to get rid of them. This is possible with the help of diathermocoagulation or cryodestruction. In addition, therapy includes taking antiviral drugs, protection from hypothermia and stress, and normalization of nutrition and daily regimen.