The formation of a eukaryotic cell was the secondby its significance (after the appearance of life itself) by an evolutionary event. The main and fundamental difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotic organisms is the presence of a more perfect system of the genome. Thanks to the emergence and development of the cell nucleus, the degree of adaptability of unicellular organisms to regularly changing conditions of existence and the ability to adapt quickly without introducing significant inherited changes in the gene system has dramatically increased.
Эукариотическая клетка, цитоплазма которой is an area of active metabolic processes that safely separated from the storage zone, reading and reduplication of genetic information, proved to be capable of further biological evolution. This epoch-making and fateful evolutionary event, according to scientists, occurred no later than 2.6 billion years ago at the junction of two geological milestones - Archean and Proterozoic.
Growth adaptability and sustainabilitybiological structures is an indispensable condition for full biological evolution. It is precisely because of its high adaptability that the eukaryotic cell was able to evolve into multicellular organisms with a complex structural organization. Indeed, in multicellular biological systems, cells with the same genome, adapting to changing conditions, form completely different, both in their morphological properties and in functionality, in tissue. This is the great evolutionary victory of eukaryotes, which led to the emergence of such a grand diversity of life on the planet and access to the evolutionary arena of man himself.
The structure of eukaryotic cell type hasseveral characteristic features not characteristic of prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells contain a large amount of genetic material (90%), which is concentrated in chromosomal structures, which ensures their differentiation and specialization. Any eukaryotic cell is characterized by the presence of a separate nucleus. This is the main distinguishing feature of cells of this type. Another important difference from prokaryotes is the organelles of the eukaryotic cell - permanent and diverse intracellular structures.
Eukaryotic cell compared toprokaryotic has a more complex multistage system of perception of various substances. In nature, there is no typical universal cell of eukaryotic type. All of them are characterized by an incredible diversity, which is caused precisely by the need for evolutionary adaptation. A very important feature of eukaryotes is their inherent compartmentalization — the localization of all biochemical processes in individual cell compartments separated by an intracellular membrane. Eukaryotes possess a number of complex structural components. Such as membrane system; cytoplasmic matrix, which is the main intracellular substance; cellular organelles are the main functional components of eukaryotes.
