In order to carry out the delivery of any cargo, you must have all the necessary documents, as well as follow the rules of transportation of a product.
Physico-chemical classification
There is a certain classification of goods, according towhere any goods can be attributed to a particular group, as well as to determine the nature and means of transportation. The first division of the goods is carried out according to its physicochemical properties, that is, into solid, liquid or gaseous.
To hard cargo can be attributed to such a group.goods as bulk, that is, the delivery of which is carried out in bulk. It can be firewood, vegetables, coal, etc. Also, such groups as dry and bulk goods are also referred to as solid cargo. The next group in the classification of goods for these parameters is liquid products.
Liquid products include a bulk group.products - liquid fuels, liquid dairy products, etc. In other words, this group includes all goods that must be transported in a special container or tank.
The last classification of cargo is gaseous.Different gases belong to this category - oxygen, butane, methane, natural gas, etc. To deliver this category of goods, it is necessary to have special cylinders.
Agricultural cargo
If you disassemble the agricultural cargo, they alsodivided into several categories. The classification of cargo involves the division of products into five groups - industrial, agricultural, construction, commercial, and municipal.
To the first category belong the goodsproduction of which is carried out in factories. Also to this class can be attributed raw materials, imported from preparatory points, in need of further processing or processing.
The second class of cargo is agricultural. All goods collected on the fields, exported from the warehouses of agricultural enterprises or agricultural organizations to procurement points belong to this category.
The third group of products includes all goods that are imported to construction sites from other enterprises, as well as soil or construction waste removed from the construction site.
The commercial class of the cargo is products imported into the trading network from industrial facilities, storage warehouses, from agricultural enterprises' warehouses, from stationary or commercial warehouses.
The last group of products - utilities.These are wastes that are taken from enterprises, warehouses, agricultural warehouses, enterprises or warehouses, as well as from catering establishments, residential houses, etc.
Transportation and Temporary Storage
If we talk about the classification and labelingcargo, then there is another sign by which they are divided into groups. This feature is a method of transporting products. According to this indicator, the following categories are distinguished: tar-piece, bulk, bulk, liquid, etc. In addition, you can also add those goods for which transportation it is necessary to create special conditions for storage and transportation. Most often, specialized equipment is used for these purposes.
GOST classification of goods
In addition to the fact that there is a division of products byclasses, there are also some categories of dangerous goods, for the transport of which requires special permits, as well as compliance with all regulations. GOST 19433-88 regulates precisely these rules. However, it should be added that the action of this document does not apply to goods delivered in bulk by water transport, as well as delivered by in-plant and pipeline transport or method.
Cargo hazard classes:
- The first class is explosives - VM.
- The second hazard class is liquefied, compressed or dissolved gases under pressure.
- The third class includes flammable liquids.
- The fourth class of danger is also flammable substances, but belonging to solid products.
- The fifth class of danger are oxidizing substances, as well as organic peroxides.
- The sixth class - poisonous and infectious substances.
- The seventh class of danger is radioactive goods.
- Eighth grade - caustic and corrosive materials.
- Other goods belong to the ninth class of cargo hazard, which for one reason or another may cause harm to humans, the environment.
Railway freight
You can transport cargo in various ways.There is a delivery by air, by sea, by means of cargo vehicles or by means of railway vehicles. The latter type of delivery of goods is quite widespread, since the speed of delivery is high, the volume of transported cargo is also large, and the cost of renting such transport is lower than, for example, air delivery.
It can also be noted that characterizetransport services and goods that are delivered in this way can be made on the same grounds as regular passenger transportation, since some parameters in both service areas are very similar.
Transportation structure
In the implementation of railway cargo transportationSome parameters by which it is possible to characterize and build a delivery structure. In other words, the structure of the delivery of products from one point to another with the help of compositions includes various technological operations, the parameters of which, like their cost and duration, will depend on the following points:
- The amount of space occupied by the cargo.
- The principle of the organization of transportation of this product.
- Technical equipment of the railway on which transportation will be carried out. This equipment most often refers to the carrying capacity of lines, the parameters of railway lines, etc.
Cargo on sea transport
It is important to understand that for each type of transportation -water, air or land - there are their own principles of classification and the division of goods into categories. At present, it is considered that the sea type of transportation is considered the most proven and successful.
Type of cargo on water transport
The first big category is massive.This group includes bulk, bulk, bulk, and also timber. If we talk about bulk types of goods, most often grain is transported by sea, as well as seeds of almost all types of agricultural crops. By bulk can be attributed to sand, gravel, coal or stone. Most often, these two groups of goods are transported in large quantities, which occupy all the available space on the ship. The bulk group of goods includes those for the transportation of which it is necessary to have special equipment - a tank, barrels, etc. Plywood, lumber, charcoal can be classified as lumber.
General or piece goods
Существует еще один вид груза, который называют general or piece. Transportation of this product is carried out either in a variety of containers, or even without one. If we talk about the number of products by name, then this type is considered the most numerous among all the others. Depending on the packaging of the goods, there are types such as bag, bale, barrel and box, box, etc.
In addition, there is also a special type of product,which refers to the extra-mode. This category of goods is different in that it is necessary to transport and store it during transportation according to certain rules, which are established for each type of cargo in a separate order. Also, this group includes not only perishable or dangerous goods, but also such goods as livestock and animals.
Vehicle classification
Since it is possible to transport goods by car, our own rules were established for this type of vehicle, and all products were classified.
By type of packaging distinguish all two categories - tare, unpacked.
The second class sets the rules for transportationcargo by weight, occupied by one unit of goods. The first type is single-piece, with a mass of up to 250 kg. The second type is goods with increased weight - from 250 kg. The latter type is heavyweight, the mass of which exceeds 30 tons per item.
Также существует классификация по размерам.Not all goods are allowed for transportation on public roads. The width should not exceed 2.5 m, the height should not be more than 3.8 m. In addition, the load should not be longer than the body more than 2 m.
Для того чтобы было удобнее классифицировать cargoes, the transport characteristic was created. This characteristic includes a set of all indicators of the transported goods, and also establishes the requirements for the transport of these products.
