Members of the proposal that are of a natureadditional information, incidentally reported, in order to expand the content of the main statement, belong to the category of connecting. They are entered with the help of separate words, combinations or particles and are allocated on the letter with commas.
When a comma is placed near the union "including"
Including - this is an alliance that is used to clarify or supplement information by adding a new member of the proposal to those already available.
On the letter it should be remembered that the connecting turn (which includes the union "including") comma separates from the rest of the sentence. For example:
- Today we have gathered all the guys, including Pavlik, to discuss the current situation.
- This was already known everywhere, including in our town.
And in order for a connecting member or turnover to be considered separate and require commas on both sides, you need to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.
So, in the case when the withdrawal of turnover does not distort the structure of the proposal - it can be considered isolated:
- In all his works, including and in this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (withdrawal of turnover is possible, therefore, it is distinguished by commas).
But in the case of an example: “In all, includingEven in this work, the author skillfully conveys reality ”, the withdrawal will break the structure -“ in all… works ”, which means that the turnover is not isolated.
Is there a comma between the connection turnover and the union "including"
Please note that the “including” union isnot an introductory word, which means it is not separated from both sides with commas. Moreover, if before the named union are used additionally the unions "a" or "and", then they form a single combination and the comma is not separated:
- Everyone got what they deserved, and includinge Tolik.
- Natasha loved to paint portraits, but including and from memory, but I was embarrassed to show them to my friends (as you can see, there is no comma between the unions and the “including” combination).
But pay attention to one more detail - forthe correct use of the union “including” requires the presence in the proposal of an indication of the whole, part of which will be joined by this union. Compare:
- We had to ask the counter and shout loudly, calling her, including and in the park (inadmissible construction, as there is no word with a generalizing meaning in front of the “including” union);
- We had to ask the counter and shout loudly, calling her everywhere, including and in the park (the correct construction, as in the sentence there is a generalizing word “everywhere”, to which information is added).
How to put commas near the union "for example"
Often there is one more mistake on the letter - an extra comma after the word “for example”. Commas, by the way, in this case are placed according to several general rules, which we now give.
If the word “for example” is placed before the connection turn to which it refers, then the whole turn, and not the word, is separated by commas:
- Some girls, eg Tanya, helped in cleaning the class.
If the turnover, including the word "for example", is highlighted with a dash or brackets, then after "for example" commas are put:
- Some girls (eg, Tanya) helped in cleaning the class.
If the word "for example" is behind the connecting member, then in this case, it is separated with commas on both sides:
- Some girls helped clean the classroom. Here is Tanya, egwashed the desks.
After "for example," there may be a colon, in situations where it is after a word with a generalizing meaning before homogeneous members:
- Some fruits are dangerous to give to allergies, eg: oranges, pineapples, as well as strawberries and other red berries.
If the word refers to the whole sentence or its subordinate part (in the case when it is difficult), it is separated from both sides by commas:
- And what will you do if eg, will we meet the bullies?
This rule applies to turnovers, including combinations "in particular" or "for example" and the like.
How the introductory words are highlighted
Further, some introductory words will be considered, so it is worth remembering how they stand out in writing.
The introductory words help clarify what was said oremphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in writing - by commas. If such words are at the beginning of a sentence, a punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end, then before them, including a comma, is needed when the introductory word is in the middle of a sentence. Then it is isolated from two sides.
As highlighted in the letter "however"
The word “however” performs both the role of the introductory word and the union or interjection. Therefore, the allocation of his commas depends on what role it performs in the proposal and where it is located.
You should know that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If it is followed by a separate turnover, then after “however” a comma is put:
- butLooking around, he quickly figured out what to do next.
And in the middle of such a turnover, it stands out on both sides:
- He listened to the story, not really, but, interesting, and carefully smiled.
When using the specified word as an interjection, after and before the “however” the comma is needed:
- buthow you grew up over this time!
If “however” is used as a union at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, and when parts of a complex sentence are combined with it, a comma is placed before it:
- but the sun we did not wait.
- Peter was asked to sing for a long time with a guitar but he never agreed.
How to put commas with the word "please"
How will stand near the word "please"commas, largely depends on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word, in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a courteous address, it is separated by commas according to the general rules for this type of words:
- You are welcomedo not remember the flowers in the flowerbed.
- Tell me you are welcomehow to get to Ivanova street?
- Sit down, you are welcome.
But there are situations in which next to the word“Please” commas are not put. Firstly, if it is used as a particle that has the meaning of “yes”, and secondly, if “please” is included in the phrase:
- Now you are welcome (i.e., “yes”), and tomorrow nothing will come of it (here the comma separates not “please”, but stands before the union “a”).
- Tell me you are welcomehow things have changed around! (the emotional expression “please tell me” stands out entirely; one described word is not highlighted).
How do commas appear next to the word "why"
Reflecting whether to stand before or after the word“Therefore” comma, it is imperative to pay attention to the situation in which the adverb is used. Most often it is used as an analogue of a union in compound sentences with a cause-and-effect value:
- The sky was clouded, Therefore, everyone was expecting rain.
- Cup treacherously bent, Therefore, a dark stain appeared on the shirt.
- From night frost hit Therefore, the sidewalk was crusted with ice.
In such situations, a “comma” is put before “as”, as before a union that connects two parts of a complex sentence.
Кстати, данное слово часто путают с вводным, highlighting it in writing with commas, but it is included in the group of particles and adverbs that never belong to the introductory words, and therefore do not need the above selection.
Summarize
If you think about how to stand out onthe letter has connecting turns or introductory words and whether a comma is put after the word “therefore”, remember the nuances allowing to correctly place punctuation marks. For this:
- note the context of the sentence;
- Remember that the introductory word, as well as the connecting turn, is easily withdrawn from the sentence;
- do not forget which words can not act as introductory;
- if the word is still introductory, apply the rules for highlighting them in the letter;
- and when using the adverb “therefore,” remember punctuation marks for parts of a complex sentence.
