A compound is a sentence thatIts structure has independent parts connected with each other by writing unions. Components have, as a rule, equal semantic and grammatical meaning. Between them can be a comma, a semicolon or a dash. Punctuation in a complex sentence is one of the most difficult punctuation topics.
Unions
What punctuation marks are put incomplex sentence? It depends on the context. And in order to answer this difficult question, it is first of all necessary to understand what construction such a unit of language has. If it consists of two or more simple sentences, then this is a compound sentence. Moreover, its parts have a semantic connection with each other, and their punctuation marks share. In a complex sentence, in most cases these are commas. They are put in the presence of one of the unions (and yes). Examples:
- Autumn foliage burned in the sun with shades of green, red and yellow, and in this bright multicolor the deserted and dull river bank looked so strange.
- Take a look around and you can see so much new and interesting.
- Elena spoke in a whisper, and her mother also tried not to make noise.
Adversary alliances
These service parts are necessary for combining andcommunication homogeneous members of the proposal. They create a semantic opposition between them, emphasize the difference or discrepancy. And before these words are always punctuation marks. In the complex sentence - in the presence of adversative unions - the component parts are separated by a comma. Examples:
- Ivan Petrovich, with fatigue, ached all over his body, but it was so pleasant to be in an interesting company and listen to your favorite music.
- We must finally take out all this old furniture in the trash, but other things do not leave time for household chores.
- Colleagues treated the new teacher of history with hostility, but the students loved her with all their heart.
- Material dependence on someone else is not in its principles, but work and a separate apartment create a sense of freedom.
- Parents will have to take action, but not once he will be expelled from school for such academic performance.
In addition to such official parts of speech as but, yes, but not that, adversary also include unions and, however, and that.
Dividing unions
Punctuation marks in complex sentencesare placed in front of such official parts of speech, as or, or, then ... then, or ... or, whether ... or, not that ... not that. In the presence of a double dividing union, the comma is always placed before its second component. Examples:
- Calm down, or it will be bad.
- He then fell silent, then began to speak again.
- Need to do something, or he will die!
- It was not clear whether he had serious intentions or played again.
Dividing punctuation between parts of a compound sentence in the presence of a double union is placed before its second component.
Affiliated unions
These include unions yes, moreover, also, too. Before one of them must always be a comma. Examples:
- He liked her more and more, he, too, seemed to be not indifferent to her.
- The appearance of this man made a rather depressing impression, his voice was also unpleasant.
Explanatory unions
As can be seen from the title, these words are intended to clarify, clarify. Unions of this species - namely, that is. Before them should always be a comma. Examples:
- After this terrible event, the number of tenants decreased, namely, only a gentleman with a blank expression on his face and two old women, who could barely hear something, remained.
- The time was chosen for the conversation suitable, that is, it was quiet, calm and it was not necessary to fear the arrival of uninvited guests.
In what cases do not put punctuation marks?
In compound sentences, examples of whichbelow, missing comma. In each of them there is a connecting union. But parts of the sentence are combined by a secondary member, and therefore the punctuation mark is not required. Examples:
- Soon after the arrival of the train, the town was flooded with tourists and wandered idly through its streets until late in the evening.
- His mother has huge kind eyes of nut color and soft flaxen hair.
- By that time, the publishing house had published several children's books and two collections of poems.
However, if the members of the proposal are combined by a minor member, but the union is repeated, a comma is put. Examples:
- On such a frosty winter night, the wolf does not roam, and the bear does not appear from its lair.
- In sunny calm weather and do not want to work, and the sandy beach all beckons and distracts from the work.
Addition clause as a common part
Common can be not only a minor member. In his role sometimes acts and subordinate clause. And, of course, in this case also a comma is not put. Examples:
- It was already dawn and people were gathering at the bus stop when he was just returning home.
- When the guest was escorted home, it was completely dark outside and only the moonlight illuminated the path.
- When he came on stage, his heart was beating strongly and his hands were trembling noticeably.
Interrogative sentence
You should know that commas are not always placed before a connecting union. In some cases, no punctuation marks are required in compound sentences. Examples:
- Who is he and why did he come without a prior call?
- How did they get here and what do they need?
- At what time will the meeting take place and what will be discussed at it?
- Magomed will come to grief or grief should go to Magomed?
В каждом из вышеприведенных примеров предложение consists of two interrogative foundations. The parts are interrogated by interrogative intonation. Therefore, punctuation marks in a complex sentence of this type are not required.
Similar to the previous examples, the punctuation between parts of a compound sentence is not required in the following phrases:
- Dismiss all employees and hire new ones only after my approval! (The incentive offer.)
- How ridiculous he is and how ridiculous his antics are! (Exclamatory sentence.)
- They began to look for traces of the crime, but, as always, they did not find anything (a vaguely personal proposal).
You should be aware that when repeating a connecting union between the impersonal parts of the sentence, a comma is put. Example: And rain, and wind, and darkness.
Semicolon
Punctuation marks between partscomplex sentences are not always commas. If parts of a complex structure are common sentences and also have a comma inside, separate their semicolons. Examples:
- He invented all this himself, because he definitely did notremembered that he dreamed last night; but when the mother, touched by this story, began to calm and comfort him, he almost burst into tears.
- She became unbearably sad at the moment when they saw each other for the last time; however, something similar to relief appeared in her soul.
- He spoke kindly to her, held her hand, and the happiness shone in his eyes; and she took it all for granted, as she was accustomed to ecstatic views and had long ceased to appreciate them.
A comma with a dot is placed more often in front of such unions as but, however, yes and yes, but. And only in rare cases - before. Examples:
- For five years, these strange works have been carried out to erect a building; but either the climate was unsuitable, or the material was of poor quality, but the matter did not advance above the basement.
- He studied well, although he was not particularly diligent; he was never seriously sad about anything; however, from time to time she found some wild, irrepressible stubbornness.
- Drunkenness and carelessness were common among the inhabitants of this village; but many necessary qualities were rare for the local inhabitants: hard work, honesty, friendliness.
Rules for punctuation in complex sentences may allow the presence of a semicolon in front of the unions Yes and and. But only in those rare cases when this sign stands between two sentences that would be separated by a period without it. Example:
- Soon the whole park, warmed by the rays of springthe sun came to life, and dew-drops, like diamonds, sparkled on tulips; and the old, already somewhat neglected park seemed festively festive on this day.
Dash
All of the above suggestions areexamples of the application of rules that a high school student should know. One of the topics to which special attention is paid to the lessons of the Russian language is “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence”. Grade 9 is an important stage in the school curriculum, when previously acquired knowledge is consolidated and consolidated. The dash in compound sentences is a deeper topic. It is worth giving at least a few examples of the use of this punctuation mark.
It is put in those cases if in the second part of the sentence there is a sharp opposition or accession. Examples:
- The hunter threw something into the blazing fire - and immediately everything was lit up.
- He hurried there, ran away and there was urine - and there was not a soul there.
To correctly place punctuation marks incomplex sentence, it is necessary to determine the composition of its parts. And if there are only two of them, and each of them is one-component nominative, a dash should be put between them. Examples:
- Another moment - and he will fall at her feet.
- Ten years of such existence - and the human soul is broken.
The division of the sentence into two parts
Sometimes in one long phrase is a description of two phenomena or actions. In such cases, the sentence is divided into two parts with a dash. Example:
- In the mountains, if you hit from a great heighta small stone, it will touch another in flight, then a third, and they will entail dozens, and even hundreds, and then a terrible stone avalanche is rapidly falling down.
But a dash can also divide simple constructions: “It is only necessary to say a kind word - and a person is saved.”
Знаки препинания в сложносочиненном и complex sentence - topics that can be mastered only through practical exercises. Rules are remembered faster if you use various schemes. And although spelling and punctuation - sections of the humanities, it is worth creating simple graphic images. Especially when it comes to such a topic as “Punctuation in compound sentences”.
Table (conjunctions and punctuation in compound sentences)
Below is a table that containsbasic rules for the use of a comma, semicolon and dash between parts of a complex sentence. Also listed are unions that correspond to a particular punctuation mark.
| No punctuation marks. | Comma | Semicolon | Dash |
| Before unions and yesif parts of a sentence have a common element (minor clause, subordinate part, introductory word, particle) | Between simple sentences, before unions and yes, also, also, moreover | Parts of a sentence are common | In the second part there is the accession or opposition |
| A sentence consists of parts, each of which is an interrogative, compelling, exclamatory or indefinite-personal sentence. | Between simple sentences, before unions but, however, not that | One or two parts are nominative sentences. | |
| The sentence consists of parts that include synonymous words. | Between simple sentences, before unions or either | The sentence is divided into semantic parts. | |
| Between simple sentences, before unions namely, that is | The offer consists of short designs. |
From the foregoing it should be concluded:in order to correctly place punctuation marks, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence, highlight its grammatical bases, and then understand what kind of unions are the official parts of speech that connect the parts of this sentence.
