The brightest literary trends thatreached their peak in Russian literature in the 19th century, with an equally large number of followers arguing fiercely with each other — this is romanticism and realism. Opposites in their essence, however, one cannot say that one is indisputably better than the other. Both are integral parts of the literature.
Romanticism
Romanticism as a literary movement appeared inGermany in the 18-19 centuries. He quickly won love in the literary circles of Europe and America. Romanticism reached its peak in the first half of the 19th century.
The main place in the romantic worksallotted to the individual, which is revealed through the conflict of the hero and society. Contributed to the spread of this flow of the Great French Revolution. Thus, romanticism became the response of society to the emergence of ideas that glorify the mind, science.
Such educational ideas seemed to his adherents a manifestation of selfishness, heartlessness. Of course, similar dissatisfaction was with sentimentalism, but it was expressed most clearly in romanticism.
Romanticism was contrasted with classicism.Now the authors were given complete creative freedom, in contrast to the framework inherent in classical works. The literary language in which the romantic works were written was simple, understandable to every reader, in contrast to the ornate, too noble classical works.
Features of Romanticism
- The protagonist of the romantic works shouldwas to be a complex, multi-faceted person, experiencing all the events happening to him, sharply, deeply, very emotionally. This is a passionate, enthusiastic nature with an infinite, mysterious inner world.
- In the romantic works has always beenthe opposition of high and low passions, fans of this trend was interested in any manifestation of feelings, they sought to understand the nature of their occurrence. They were more interested in the inner worlds of the characters and their experiences.
- Novelists could choose any era foractions of his novel. That romanticism introduced the whole world to the culture of the Middle Ages. Interest in the story helped writers to create their bright works, imbued with the spirit of the time, about which they wrote.
Realism
Realism is a literary movement in whichWriters sought to reflect reality in their works as truthfully as possible. But this is a very difficult task, because the very definition of “truth”, the vision of reality, is different for everyone. It often happened that in an effort to write only the truth, the writer had to write things that could contradict his convictions.
No one can say for sure when it appeared.direction, but it is considered one of the earliest currents. Its features depend on the particular historical epoch in which it is considered. Therefore, the main distinguishing feature is the exact reflection of reality.
Education
Romanticism and realism collided in that periodwhen educational ideas began to prevail in a realistic direction. During this period, literature became a kind of preparation of society for the social-bourgeois revolution. All actions of the characters were evaluated only from the point of view of rationality, therefore positive characters are the embodiment of reason, and negative ones are violating the norms of the personality, uncultured, acting unreasonably.
During this period of realism, its subspecies appear:
- English realistic novel;
- critical realism.
То, что для представителей романтизма было manifestation of heartlessness, realists understood the rationality of action. Conversely, the freedom of action that the heroes of the novels followed was reproached by representatives of realism.
Romanticism and realism in Russian literature of the 19th century (briefly)
These directions have not bypassed Russia. Romanticism and realism in the literature of the 19th century in Russia enter into the struggle, which takes place in several stages:
- the transition from romanticism to realism, which was the unprecedented flourishing of classical literature and its recognition throughout the world;
- "literary diarchy" is the period whenthe union and the struggle of romanticism and realism presented to literature great works and not less great authors, which made it possible to consider the 19th century in Russian literature as "golden."
The emergence of romanticism in Russia was due tovictory in the war of 1812, which caused a great social upsurge. Of course, romanticism could not but feel the ideas of the Decembrists about freedom, which created truly unique works that reflect the internal state of the entire Russian people. The most prominent, well-known representatives of Romanticism are A.S. Pushkin (poems written in the lyceum period and the "southern" lyrics), M.Yu. Lermontov, V.A. Zhukovsky, F.I. Tyutchev, N.A. Nekrasov ( early works).
In the 30s, realism is gaining momentum whenThe writers reflected the reality taking place in an elegant, understandable language, precisely and subtly noticed human and social vices, and mocked them. A. Pushkin ("Eugene Onegin", "The Belkin Belins") is considered to be the founder of this direction, along with which are not less talented masters of the pen, such as N. V. Gogol ("Dead Souls"), I. S Turgenev ("The Noble Nest", "Fathers and Children"), L. N. Tolstoy (great work "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina"), FM Dostoevsky ("Crime and Punishment", "Brothers Karamazov "). And it is impossible not to write about the genius of short, but surprisingly lively stories and plays of A.P. Chekhov.
Романтизм и реализм - это больше, чем literary directions, it is a way of thinking, a way of life. Thanks to great writers you can go back to that era, plunge into the atmosphere that prevailed at that time. The "Golden Age" in Russian literature gave the whole world brilliant works that I want to read again and again.
