Syntax - a section of language science that studiesthe composition and means of expression of the grammatical basis and the minor members of the sentence. The subject and the predicate are the main semantic center of the statement. Without the presence of at least one main member of the sentence as a full-fledged lexico-grammatical unit can not be. But the minor elements, even though they are called so, play an equally important role in conveying the semantic nuances of the utterance, grammatical relations within it. Addition, definition and circumstance - these members of the sentence perform an explanatory function, referring to one of the main ones, describing them.
Definition of term
We will understand in more detail what iscircumstance. It includes nouns and adverbs, pronouns that answer the questions “where?”, “Where?”, “How?”, “When?”, “From where?”, Etc. They denote the place, reason, time of action, image and etc. The circumstance is connected first of all with verbs, in particular with the predicate. Especially if it is expressed by transitive predicates, for example:
- Natasha took the doll (where?) to the room.
- Mitya and his father lived the whole summer (where?) in the country.
- The guys jumped (how?) high And How?) noisy.
In addition to the above parts of speech, circumstances are expressed by pronoun adverbs, verbal adverbs, an indefinite form of the verb:
- My brother went outside to breathe the clear, frosty air and admire the clear brilliance of the stars.
- The angry kid was frowning and turned offended to the side.
This is in general terms the topic “What is the circumstance”. We now consider it in more detail, with specific examples.
Types of circumstances
Depending on the expressed meaning, circumstances are divided into lexico-semantic groups, each of which has its own set of questions. These include:
- Words with meaning place. Asked Questions: From Where? where? Where? For example:
- Well (where?), Where (where?) We are not. (In this sentence, circumstances are expressed in adverb and an indivisible phrase.)
- Natasha came (from where?) From the city. (A noun with a preposition appears in the role of circumstance.) - Words with the meaning of time. Questions: since when - until when? when? how long? For example:
- I went out (when?) Early (when?) Before dawn. (Adverb and noun with a preposition.)
- I was afraid that we would not be able to cope with hay (until when?) Before the thunderstorm. (Noun with a preposition.) - What is the circumstance of measure, degree and mode of action? They answer the questions: to what extent? how? as? how much and others. For example:
- The frightened puppy squealed near his legs and looked at the big dog (how?) Under his brows (adverb).
- Pearl necklace looked (how? To what extent?) Unusually impressive and (like?) Elegantly (adverbs). - Circumstances with value comparison. They answer the questions: how? like what? like what, to whom? For example, sentences:
- A bright, golden (how, like someone?) Maple leaf (noun) whirled (where?) In the air.
- Outside the window (like someone?) A crying blizzard (expressed by a noun) howled a crying child. - What is the circumstance of the cause: these are verbs and nouns that answer the questions: why? why? for what reason? Example sentences:
- I did not argue with him (why?), So as not to quarrel. (Infinitive with particle not.)
- The child's head was spinning (for what reason?) From hunger. (Noun with a preposition.) - Circumstances of the goal. These include questions: for what purpose? what for? for what? You can identify them in sentences:
- The horses stopped (for what purpose?) To get drunk and take a breath. (Infinitive and phraseological turn of the verb type.)
- The guys came (why?) To see me and cheer. (Infinitive.) - Circumstances conditions and concessions. Questions that can be put to them: under what condition? in spite of what? For example:
- When absolutely necessary (under what condition?) I had to call the commander.
- In spite of the approaching storm (in spite of what?), The caravan went its own way.
Parsing circumstances
Like any member of a sentence, circumstances are subject to syntactic analysis. Its order is as follows:
- it is necessary to isolate the desired item from the proposal;
- indicate which category the circumstance belongs to by value;
- determine the part of speech that expresses it, for example: Here we live well (here - the circumstance of the place, expressed by the adverb; well - the circumstance of the measure and degree, expressed by the adverb).
The ambiguity of a word
In developed language systems there is suchconcept as polysemy, or polysemy. It indicates that a word may have not one, but two or more lexical meanings. The Russian language belongs to such complex, multi-level education. Polysemy associated with such a phenomenon as imagery, expressiveness, trails. In light of this, another definition of circumstance can be given - no longer as a member of a sentence, but as a lexical unit. This word has the following shades of meaning: the situation of the case, state, conditions, situation, for example:
- The conditions under which the duel occurred, soon became public.
- A detailed study of the picture of the crime to the investigator became known new details.
As you can see, the word is a nounand has a fairly extensive synonymous series. The expression “life circumstances” belongs to this category: a number of situations that entailed certain events, phenomena, actions.
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