Health - the highest value of man.In some cases, operations are required to maintain health. With the use of general anesthesia, intubation is necessary - this is the introduction of a special tube into the trachea. Despite all the simplicity, this is also a kind of operation, connected with risks and technical difficulties.
Purpose of intubation
Intubation (which means this manipulation, will be described in the article) can also be used at the prehospital stage in the provision of emergency care.
Intubation is able to provide:
- holding the patient's breathing, in particular, controlled and auxiliary;
- normal patency in the airways, regardless of the patient's position;
- absence of risk of suffocation due to ingestion of vomit, mucus, blood, foreign objects and spasm of ligaments;
- the possibility of removing foreign bodies from the bronchi and trachea;
- the possibility of spreading the lungs;
- improvement of the conditions for the elimination of pulmonary edema.
Intubation is performed (this is the insertion of a tube into thetrachea) with difficulty breathing as a result of pulmonary edema, severe poisoning, respiratory failure, but for violations of the structure of the facial part of the skull, inflammation and other injuries in the cervical spine and the cervical spine, this procedure can not be carried out.
Instruments for intubation
There is a certain set of tools that are used for intubation (this is an operation to facilitate breathing). This requires:
- intubation tubes different in size, external diameter, length, with and without cuff, with one or two lumens (for children, non-manicure tubes are used);
- laryngoscope with straight and curved blades: the device includes a handle, into which a battery is inserted, and a blade with a bulb (blades can be changed quickly if necessary);
- anaesthesiological forceps (have a curved shape);
- conductor - a thin metal rod, which, despite the material used, is mild (necessary in difficult cases of intubation);
- local anesthetic sprayer(it is rarely used, because intubation is most often the process of inserting the tube into the trachea, is performed in emergency cases, when the patient is under general anesthesia or unconscious).
Types of intubation
Depending on the purpose of this medical manipulation, intubation of the lungs (which is described above) is of two types:
- orotracheal - tube into the trachea is injected through the mouth;
- nasotracheal - the introduction of the intubation tube through the nose (in this case, the size of the tubes should be slightly less).
Separately it is necessary to allocate a tracheostomy, howeverthis operation only remotely resembles intubation, as it is done by anesthetists completely by another technology, but the goal is almost the same - providing airway patency.
Technology of intubation of the lungs
Intubation is the introduction of a tube into the trachea.It is carried out in two ways, depending on whether the patient is conscious or not. In the first case, local anesthesia is performed. The patient needs to breathe deeply, while inhaling the tube through the vocal chink. The doctor, at the same time, ensures that the tube gets into the trachea, and not into the esophagus.
With the unconscious state of the patientthe method of direct laryngoscopy is used. At the same time, the head should be maximally unbent, it is better to put a roller under it. The doctor opens his mouth to the patient, conducts a laryngoscope blade over the back of the tongue, thereby pushing it to the left, and then moves the laryngoscope to the trachea. After that, a tube is inserted on inhalation.
Intubation of the intestine
There is such a thing as intubationintestinal, or intraoperative decompression of the intestine. This manipulation is carried out to eliminate intestinal contents. There are three types of intubation of the intestine:
- nasogastric;
- retrograde through the rectum;
- Retrograde through intestinal fistula.
Intubation of the small intestine through appendicitis is also performed to prevent or treat postoperative paresis of patients.
Used for this are special probes, which can be single-channel, two-channel and multichannel, but most often the first two are used.
Like any other operation, intubation (thismanipulation to facilitate breathing) may have complications. Most often this is suffocation, damage to teeth and mucous membranes, spasms. However, if the whole procedure is carried out according to the rules, there will be no complications, and the life of the patient will be saved.
