Absolutely all objects that are only in the project,already under construction or are under reconstruction, it is accepted to divide into two types: constructions and buildings. Buildings are called land structures, which are the premises for the educational process, entertainment, work and so on. The structures include technical structures: bridges, pipes, gas pipelines, dams and others. Classification of buildings, structures, premises has many nuances.
Industrial building
In turn, the buildings are divided into two key groups - civil and industrial. Industrial include:
- production;
- agricultural;
- power;
- warehouse;
- subsidiary.
Civil buildings are divided into two groups - residential and public.
Residential buildings
It is easy to guess that here are included rooms suitable for living people, namely:
- apartment buildings;
- hostels;
- hotels;
- boarding schools;
- nursing home.
Social buildings
- educational facilities;
- administrative buildings;
- medical institutions and places of rehabilitation;
- sports facilities;
- clubs, restaurants and other;
- shopping areas, public catering and consumer services;
- transport;
- Housing and utilities;
- multifunctional buildings and complexes.
There is a classification of buildings and structures.Required features of the structure are achieved with the help of technical indicators, their use is regulated by building codes and regulations (SNiP). This document uses a diverse classification of buildings and structures by species. Further we will familiarize with the basic.
Variety of classifications
1. By number of storeys.When it is installed in the number of floors includes: above-ground, technical, attic, basement (provided that the top of the structure is located above the average landmark of land not less than 2 meters).
- a small number of storeys - the height of buildings to 2 floors;
- the average number of storeys - from 3 to 5 floors;
- an increased number of storeys - from 6 to 9 floors;
- multi-storey - from 10 to 25 floors;
- high-rises - from 26 floors and above.
2. For the material from which the walls are made:
- stone (brick or natural stone);
- concrete (non-natural stone, blocks of concrete);
- reinforced concrete;
- metal;
- tree.
3. Classification of buildings and structures by the method of erection:
- from small size components (these are structural elements of structures that move on the construction site using small-sized machinery or manually);
- from large-sized components (for the installation of these elements use massive cranes and machines);
- Monolithic (pre-made concrete mortar is placed in a mold directly on the construction site, where it is hardened).
4. For durability:
- I - operation period is more than 100 years;
- II - from 50 to 100 years;
- III - from 50 to 20 years;
- IV - up to 20 years (temporary buildings).
5. In terms of capital:
- 1st class - buildings capable of satisfyingincreased requirements. The main buildings in the city with an estimated period of operation are more than 70 years (railway stations, museums, theaters, palaces of culture). This also includes unique buildings of national importance with a service life of more than 100 years (the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, etc.).
- 2nd class - buildings capable of satisfyingaverage requirements. Mass construction, which is the basis for building the city, with an estimated period of operation of not less than 50 years (administrative buildings, hotels, multi-story apartment buildings).
- 3rd class - buildings that can meet medium and low requirements (lightweight buildings with reduced capitalization with an estimated period of operation from 25 to 50 years).
- 4th class - buildings with minimum requirements.
Depending on the class of the building,Construction Materials. For high-class buildings, strong, time-proven refractory ceilings and materials are used, which can ensure an efficient and long-term use without frequent repair work.
Classification of buildings and structures by fire hazard
All buildings for fire safetyare divided into classes. The division depends on the type of use of the building and on how much the safety of citizens in the event of a fire is threatened. Age, physiological state, probability of being in a state of sleep, type of basic functional composition and its number are taken into account.
Classification of buildings and structures:
- F1 - buildings defined for the temporary stay of citizens (study, work, hotels, public catering and others), as well as for permanent residence.
- F2 - facilities for cultural leisure.
- F3 - buildings of enterprises for servicing citizens (sales outlets, public catering, train stations, hospitals, post offices, banks, etc.).
- F4 - premises intended for research, general education institutions, buildings of government bodies, fire department.
- F5 - premises and facilities of industrial orwarehouse purpose, archives. The production and warehouse premises, including laboratories and workshops in classifications F1, F2, F3 and F4, are classed as F5.
The classification of buildings is very important. The main provisions on fire safety are used to regulate the requirements for the evacuation of people in a fire.
Classification of buildings and structures for fire resistance
The quality of the building slabs is determined by their fire resistance limit, which means the time after which, in the event of a fire, one of three indicators is present:
- overlapping overlap;
- the appearance in the overlap of through cracks or holes (combustion products fall into adjacent rooms);
- heating of the overlap to temperatures that cause spontaneous combustion of materials in neighboring rooms (140-220C).
The ability of building floors is characterized by the limit of fire resistance. Types of buildings in terms of fire resistance:
- I - with stone constructions (fireproof).
- II - with stone structures (non-combustible and difficult to burn).
- III - with stone constructions (non-combustible, difficult to burn and combustible).
- IV - with wood plastered.
- V - with wood unplastered.
Borders of fire resistance:
- ceramic brick - 5 hours;
- silicate brick - 5 hours;
- concrete slab - 4 h (decomposition occurs due to the presence of water in the water up to 8%);
- wood with gypsum coating - 1 hour 15 minutes;
- iron structures - 20 minutes (1100-1200С - the metal is made plastic);
- entrance door, subjected to fire retardant treatment, - 1 hour.
Porous concrete, hollow brick have great fire resistance. The minimum threshold for fire resistance is open metal installation, and the maximum - reinforced concrete.
