In the chemical literature and everyday lifeuse the names of organic bio-compounds based on various nomenclature systems. There is a need to get acquainted with their basic principles.
Nomenclature of organic compounds.
In our time for the name of the sameorganic substances are often used by three nomenclatures: historical, or trivial (in translation from French means everyday, unoriginal), rational (smart, expedient) and scientific, or systematic scientific, developed by IUPAC.
Trivial nomenclature of organic compoundsarose accidentally, when an organic substance was discovered. Names often reflected natural sources, from which the organic compound was first obtained (wine alcohol, urea, cane sugar, lactate, acetate, citrate, formic acids), methods for obtaining the substance (sulfuric ether), the names of scientists who discovered this compound (Lewis acids, hydrocarbon Chichibabina, Michler's ketones). Sometimes such names were accidental (methane, acetone, asparagine, carbohydrates).
Rational nomenclature of organic compounds
It is based on trivial namesthe simplest substances typical for a given class of organic compounds, in a molecule of which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or atomic groups. For example, ethane in the rational nomenclature is called methyl methane; Ethyl alcohol (a derivative of the simplest alcohol carbinol) - methylcarbinol; propionic acid - methyl acetate, etc. However, for more complex biostructures this nomenclature of organic substances is unsuitable. Therefore, it was necessary to create a new scientific nomenclature, in which the name of the bio-compound and its structure should correspond to each other.
Scientific nomenclature of organic compounds,The IUPAC created is the most accurate of the above. According to its rules, each organic substance, discovered or synthesized earlier, as well as synthesized in our days, is assigned a scientific name, which is used by chemists around the world.
The fundamentals of the nomenclature were approved on the initiative ofGerman organic chemist A. Hoffmann (1818-1892) in 1892 at the International Congress of Chemists in Geneva (this nomenclature of organic compounds called Geneva). With the development of organic chemistry, it was perfected and supplemented. At the IUPAC congress in London (1947), modern provisions for the names of organic compounds were developed and approved in the form of the "Regulations of the IUPAC nomenclature".
With IUPAC (Geneva), permanentcommission, open and synthesized new organic compounds give accurate scientific names. In the former Soviet Union, three volumes of the "nomenclature rules of IUPAC" (1 st and 2 nd t. 1979, 3 rd t. - 1983) were published. In accordance with these rules, the name of the compounds consists of a verbal designation of structural fragments and signs showing the way the fragments are connected.
There are four ways to form namesIUPACK: 1) substitute - one fragment is taken as the basis of the name, and the second is considered as a substitute for the hydrogen, for example (C6H5) 2CH, - diphenylmethane, 2) connective, according to which the name of the compound is built from several equal molecules, for example, C6H5-C6H5-biphenyl; 3) functionally radical, in which the name of the functional group is used as the basis for the name, as well as the name of the radical, for example CH, = CHCl-vinyl chloride; 4) a variety of substitution nomenclature is used in the name of hydrogen organic compounds whose molecules contain non-carbon atoms.
In everyday work, the principles of radical-functional and substitute methods of the IUPAC nomenclature are most often used.
