Ideal and material categories are usedin various sciences, not only in philosophy. However, materialism and idealism in philosophy are the main issue. The ratio of these two philosophical categories is a complex issue, around which disputes do not subside.
The concepts of materialism and idealism in philosophy have always been. Leibniz GV, a representative of German philosophy, wrote that the greatest materialist was Epicurus, and the idealist was Plato.
The problem of the ideal in philosophy as material worried scientists since the beginning of time.
Changing and renewing, the views on materialism and idealism in philosophy do not have a static state.
In the classical sciences, it was traditional to refer the material to everything natural, that is, to the material, and the ideal to the spiritual, inner world of man, his consciousness.
Modern science believes that this distribution is rather limited, because the ideal and material are two natural principles.
However, the classical definition, known to us today, was introduced by Schlegel F. representative of German classical philosophy of the 19th century.
Materialism and idealism in philosophy are not identical in their manifestations, on the basis of this, one can single out their various forms.
Forms of Materialism
Materialism of Ancient Greece and the Ancient East, in which the objects of the material world, naturewere considered in themselves in independence of consciousness - this is the so-called initial form of materialism. Representatives of this philosophy include Democritus, Thales, Heraclitus and others
Mechanistic (metaphysical) materialism, which became widespread in Europe in the Newtime. At this time materialism begins to be viewed from the point of view of nature. And all the materialism of a given time is reduced to a mechanical movement of the forms of matter. Representatives of this time are Galileo, J. Locke, Bacon and others.
Forms of idealism
Just like materialism, idealism has several forms, from which two main ones can be distinguished.
Objective idealism argues that the spirit, the idea, God in no way depend on either matter or the consciousness of man. The philosophers who thought so - Plato, Hegel, as well as F. Aquinas.
Subjective Idealism adheres to the point of view that everything depends on the person's consciousness, that is, it looks like what his person sees. A bright representative of this direction is J. Berkeley.
The most extreme point of this directionis reflected in solipsism (from Latin solus - one, single and ipse - himself). Philosophers of this direction believe that one can confidently assert about reliability only about their "I" and their emotions.
Forms of Materialism
Materialism of Ancient Greece and the Ancient East, inwhich the objects of the material world and nature were considered by themselves in independence from consciousness - this is the so-called initial form of materialism. Representatives of this philosophy include Democritus, Thales, Heraclitus and others
Mechanistic (metaphysical) materialism,It became widespread in Europe in the New Time. At this time materialism begins to be viewed from the point of view of nature. And all the materialism of a given time is reduced to a mechanical movement of the forms of matter. Representatives of this time are Galileo, J. Locke, Bacon and others.
Dialectical materialism in philosophy, created by K. Marx and F.Engels, who relied on the philosophy of Hegel. They believed that the most important thing in the philosophy of Hegel is the assertion that people's thinking and activities are not of any final character. And also the statement that truth is not some dogma, but a process of historical path in the development of knowledge.
For the philosophy of dialectical materialism there is nothing fixed and permanent. On all lies the seal of destruction and birth, in a constant and continuous movement from the bottom up, from the lower to the higher.
Dialectical materialism took as a basiscategory of philosophy of Hegel, but completely rethought and changed the essence. If Hegel's philosophy spoke of the development of the Absolute Spirit, dialectical materialism speaks of various processes that take place in the material and spiritual world. And the idea was understood not as a demigur as in Hegel, but as a reflection of being and the surrounding world by man.
