Verbs are found in most Russian sentences. This is a kind of message about the actions of the subject of speech. A. N. Tolstoy argued that choosing the right verb means giving it movement.
Not for nothing, our ancestors called “verb” in principle speech, as this word is interpreted in the dictionary of V. Dahl. Examples of verbs, their use, change will be discussed in this article.
A verb as part of a speech
The part of speech denoting an action and answering the questions “what to do?”, “What to do?” Is the verb. Related to the independent parts of speech, it is determined by the general grammatical meaning.
- Any physical labor: cut, chop, knit.
- Intellectual or speech work: to observe, speak, think.
- Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
- The state of the subject: hate, hurt, sleep.
- The state of nature: cold, primorozil, evening.
Morphological and syntactic features
As for morphological features, it isall kinds of verb forms. Examples will be discussed in detail later, but for now just list them. Inclination, face, time, number, reflexivity, gender, species, and conjugation.
As for the syntactic role, then most oftenthe verb is used as a predicate, it also forms a predicative or grammatical basis together with the subject. Verb in the sentence may be distributed. This function is performed by a noun or adverb.
Infinitive
Each verb has an initial form, it andcalled infinitive. Questions ask the following: "what to do?", "What to do?". Examples of indefinite verbs: teach, draw (what to do?), Learn, draw (what to do?).
This form of the verb is immutable;time, face and number are not defined - purely action. Let's compare two examples: "I work in the specialty" - "A person needs to work for life." In the first example, the verb indicates that the action takes place in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun “I” indicates 1 person, units). The second signifies the action in principle, without specifying the number and face.
There are still linguists between scientistsdisputes about what the infinitive is (s): suffix or ending. We agree in this article with those who position it as flexion. If the verb ends in –ch (flow, stove, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be borne in mind that when changing the word, alternation may occur: baking; flow-flowing; burn-burn
Инфинитив может выступать как в роли сказуемого, and in the role of the subject: "Read - to know a lot." Here the first verb “to read” is the subject, the second, “to know” is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.
Types of Verb
The kind of verb is determined by the question to which itanswers In Russian, there are imperfect (what to do? What does? What did you do?) And perfect (what to do? What will you do? What did you do?) Kinds of verbs. Examples: speak, speak, speak - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.
Inclination form
Change the verbs and moods. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.
If we talk about the indicative mood, itallows a predicate to take the form of time, face, and number. Examples of the verbs of this mood: "We make this craft" (present) - "We will make this craft" (future time) - "We made this craft" (past tense). Or on the faces: “I made this craft” (1 person) - “You made this craft” (2 person) - “Anya made this craft” (3 person).
To perform an action under certain conditionsindicate verbs of the subjunctive mood. This form is formed by adding to the elapsed time the particle "would" ("b"), which is always written separately. Such predicates vary in faces and numbers. The time category is not defined. Examples of verbs: "We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher" (plural, 1 person) - "I would make this craft with the help of a teacher" (unit, 1 person) - "Anya would make this craft with with the help of a teacher "(unit., 3 person) -" The guys would have made this craft with the help of a teacher "(pl. h, 3 person).
The speaker prompts some action withusing the verb imperative. Imperative verbs are also used to prohibit action. Examples: "Do not shout at me!" (ban) - "Wash your hands before eating!" (prompting) - "Please write a letter" (request). Let us examine in more detail the last example. To give a polite tone to your petition, you should add the word “please” to the verb of the imperative mood (“please”, “be kind”).
It should be remembered that imperative verbsend in a soft sign, and it is also preserved in those who end in a nakya and –te. In this rule there is an exception - the verb "lie down" (lie down - lie down - lie down).
Time category
The basic forms of the verb tense are those that indicate the time of the action: the past (called), the present (calling), the future (going to call).
Past tense implies that by the timespeaking action has already ended. For example: "I bought this dress last year." Usually such verbs are formed with the help of the suffix -l- added to the base of the infinitive: buy buy. These predicates vary in numbers, and in units. including - and by birth. The shape of the face is not determined.
The present tense form is characteristic exclusively of the imperfect species. To form it, you need to add a personal ending to the verbs. Examples: my - wash - wash - my - wash.
Verbs can have a future tense formboth kinds, perfect and imperfect. It is of two types: simple and complex. The first is characteristic of the verbs of the perfect form: I will build, paste, file, etc. The future is complicated by an imperfect form. Let's compare: I will build, I will glue, I will cut. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb “to be,” set in the future simple, and infinitive.
In present and future tenses, verbs have a face and a number. We will talk about them below.
Face and number
If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the speaker himself produces the action. For example: "I am tempered every day, drenching myself with icy water and wiping myself with snow."
That the interlocutor performs the actionthe speaker will tell us the second person of the verb. For example: "You know perfectly well how much will be two and two." Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning, denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often this can be found in proverbs: "You will not throw a handkerchief on someone else's mouth." To distinguish such sentences is simple: in them, as a rule, there is no subject.
Verbs in the third person express an action thatproduces or produced the subject of speaking. "Lermontov has been alone all his life." - "The hurricane was so strong that centenary trees bent like twigs."
For each person in singular or plural, a definite verb ending is characteristic. Examples: "I fly" - "We fly" - "You fly" - "You fly" - "She (he, it) flies" - "They fly".
Conjugation and personal verb endings
Verb conjugation - a form implying itchange in faces and numbers. It is characteristic not for all predicates, but only for those that are in the indicative mood, present or future tense.
I conjugation All verbs, except those that are –– plus 2 exceptions: shave, lay | II conjugation (end) Verbs on –– except shaving, laying (they refer to I conjugation), as well as drive, hold, look, see, breathe, hear, hate, depend, endure, offend, twirl | Examples of Verbs | |||
Unit h | Mn h | Unit h | Mn h | ||
1 person | to | -eat | to | -them | We carry (I); speak (ii) |
2 person | you are | are you | you | -ite | Carry, Carry (I); speak, speak (ii) |
3 person | no | -out | -it | - at | Carry bear (I); says say (ii) |
Impersonal Verbs
Personal verbs, examples of which we have sorted out above, are not the only ones in Russian. They are opposed by those that denote action without actor. They are called so - impersonal.
