В процессе изучения английского многие face some difficulties. This is due to the fact that Russian often lacks grammatical phenomena inherent in a foreign language. In English, examples of this are: indefinite article, auxiliary verbs, Complex Object, the rule of one negation in a sentence, 26 categories of tenses, a passive voice, a complex subject, etc.
Complicated addition. Formula of education and use
Данное грамматическое явление представляет собой a structure consisting of a noun in the general case (or a pronoun in the object) and an indefinite verb form. This language complex is translated into Russian by a subordinate clause, in which the noun is the subject and the infinitive is the predicate:
- My mother would like to enter the Institute. - My mother would like me to go to college.
Данная конструкция не имеет аналогов в русском language. And nevertheless, many Russian schoolchildren easily master this grammatical phenomenon. And the design is actually convenient and compact in terms of language form.
Complex Object. Verbs
Complicated addition in English is used with such verb groups.
- Verbs expressing desire and need - to want, to wish, to desire, to desire, would like. For example:
- My wife wishes me to get a promotion. - My wife wants me to get promoted.
- My mum desires us to go to the sea as quickly as possible. - My mother really wants us all to go to the sea as soon as possible. - Verbs expressing awareness, knowledge - to think (to reflect), to know (to know), to report (to report). For example:
- He thought me to have back this thing. - He thought I returned this thing.
- Mike knows me to be a lazy bone. - Mike knows I'm lazy. - Verbs that express expectation - to believe, to expect, to suppose. For example:
- I expected her to have had the better results. - I expected her to have better results.
- Woman in the world. - John has always believed that his wife is the most honest woman in the world.
- Do you suppose her to have solved the problems? - Do you think she solved all the problems? - Verbs expressing an order, coercion - to order (order). For example:
- It is a pill twice a day. - The doctor ordered me to take a pill twice a day.
Examples of the use of constructions without particles to
In case of using the The Complex Object phenomenonwith perceptual verbs (to see — to look, to hear — to hear, to notice — to notice, to watch — to observe, to observe — to investigate) the particle falls to:
- I see her go out. - I saw her leave the house.
I see her going out - I saw her leave the house.
In the last example, the verb is used in the formgerund, which gives the proposal a different meaning. If in the first case a person observed a one-time action (left the house), then in the second example a certain process is expressed, expressed using a verb with the ending -ing.
For greater understanding, it is best to compare the following pairs of examples:
- I noticed her enter the room. - I noticed how she entered the room.
I noticed her entering the room. - I noticed how she entered the room. - He heard Fred go upstairs. “He heard Fred climb the stairs.”
He heard Fred going upstairs. “He heard Fred climb the stairs.”
Thus, with the help of a complex addition, both a single-step action and a specific process can be expressed. Often, when translated into Russian, this connection is barely perceptible.
Если глаголы to see, to hear используются в meaning "understand", then in this case there is no need to apply the Complex Object. The rule of use of complex additions in this case does not apply. The example must be translated using a clause.
- I saw that she had a desire to go away. - I realized that she wants to leave.
The use of complex add-ons with verbs to cause, to make, to let
It is also necessary to memorize a series of verbs denoting a prohibition or permission (to let - to allow, to make - to force, to have - to dispose, to cause - to cause, to force) with which the Complex Object is used without a particle to:
- I did my homework. “As a child, my mother never let me go for a walk until I did my homework.”
- Don’t make me do these terrible things! “Don't make me do these terrible things!”
- You cause - You impose your opinion on her! (You make her think the same way you do).
Difficult addition and temporary category
In the Complex Object construction, an infinitive can be used in various forms of temporal forms, for example:
- Active voice. When I was my mum - When I was little, my mother would not let me alone.
- Passive voice.Taken in the region football team. - My dad wants to be taken to the regional football team. I have never been punished. “I never saw my sister punished.”
- Perfect shapes. Only my friend knew me to have flunked. - Only my friend knew that I failed the exam.
- Forms Continuous.Ann watched the old lady walking around the house. - Ann watched the old woman walking around the house. I heard Alice speaking in a whisper. “I heard Alice talking to someone in a whisper.”
Perfect forms of complex additions: when to use?
Perfect Times is one of the biggestdifficulties for Russian students. The tangled “present + past = completed” system is not at all beneficial for those who study English: for some, it is so difficult and incomprehensible that it is easier for them to abandon their studies than to move into the deaf jungles of grammar. And if we are talking about a complex of perfect times and complex additions, you should not postpone the study of this phenomenon in the closet. In fact, everything is very simple. In sentences of this type, the perfect expresses the action that took place before the event in the main sentence, for example:
- Alice expected to find a job. “Alice expected me to find a job.”
The translation of this proposal takes into accountperfect (action that happened before the main one), expressed by the formula: to have + Ved / 3 (verb with ending -ed if it belongs to the group of regular verbs, or in 3 forms if it is from the category of irregular).
Special cases of use of difficult addition
This design expresses the action performed at the request of another person.
- Bill wants to have his hair cut. - Bill wants to have a haircut. (In other words, at his request, this procedure will be performed by a hairdresser.)
- Nick is going to have his car repaired. “Nick is going to fix the car.” (That is, he will fix it in the service station.)
- Nina has her grandmother taken care of while she works. “Grandma Nina is being looked after while she is working.”
- We want to have our furniture cleaned because it has become shabby. - We want us to clean the furniture because it is completely rubbed.
- I had my sweater knitted yesterday. - I knitted myself a sweater yesterday. (That is, it was made at the request of the girl herself.)
- Made of wool. - Mary wants her dress to be made of wool.
Complicated addition. Exercises aimed at training skills
To develop the skill of competent use of the Complex Object, the exercises below are performed after studying the previous examples.
- Translate into Russian.
I have never heard him speak french.
She wants him to marry her.
Did you expect me to have gone?
Mary had her baby looked after
I knew her to have graduated from the most prestigious University of our region. - Expand the brackets using the studied construction (Complex Object grammar rule).
Everybody is considered (he, die).
Milly has never desired (her daughter, become) an actress.
She watched (he, water) the flowers. - Translate into English.
Everyone heard her scold with her husband.
Mike thought I was at home.
Mom often makes me do homework.
Did you expect him to leave her?
The doctor does not allow me to break bed rest.
To form a skill using the Complex Object, the sentences and the above examples need to be carefully worked out.
Difficult subject
In English there is anotherconstruction similar to the complex addition - Complex Subject. The syntactic phenomenon is a complex of the subject, expressed by a noun or pronoun, and infinitive.
- Seriously ill - They say that this old man is seriously ill.
As can be seen from the example, the noun is connected to the infinitive by an additional link in the form of a verb in the passive voice. This part of the syntax can be expressed like this:
- to be supposed to - assume that;
- to be heard to - hear that;
- to be believed to - believe that;
- to be known to - it is known that;
- to be announced to - announce that;
- to be expected - expect that.
Note: the verb-link to be changes according to the temporal category of the sentence and the number of the noun.
Examples:
- He is known as a world-famous dancer. - It is known that he is a world-famous dancer.
- English exams. - It was believed that Anna would pass the exam in English.
- The President is expected to make some political changes. - Expect the president to make some policy changes.
- The Apocalypses was supposed to have been in 2012 according to the Maya Calendar. - It was assumed that the end of the world will come in 2012, in accordance with the Mayan calendar.
- Mary is heard to get married. - Heard that Mary is getting married.
Complex Subject and Temporary Forms
In Complex Subject, any form of the infinitive can be used, including active or passive voice, perfect forms or forms of continuous action.
- Found in the forest. - They said that the dog was found in the forest.
- Boys were announced that they won a sporting competition.
- She was supposed to have left the country. - It was assumed that she left the country.
- It has been published several times. - It is known that the book was republished several times.
Complex subject in the form of an active voice
In addition to the above constructions used in Passive Voice, Complex Subject can be used with verbs to seem, to appear, to turn out, to happen in the form of Active Voice:
- This man seems to be a stealer. “This man seems to be a thief.”
- Ann didn’t seem to have anything. - It seemed that Mary did not understand anything.
- Did he happen to meet you? - He, by chance, did not meet you before?
- This pompous woman appeared to be very conversable. - It turned out, this artsy woman is very sociable.
- John appeared to have left for Moscow. - It turned out, John went to Moscow yesterday.
- It’s a challenge for you to go through my group. - It turned out the control was difficult for each of my group.
In order to fully assimilate the rules for using the Complex Subject, it is necessary to become familiar with the constructions to be sure to and to be likely to.
- Dad is sure to repair the bike. - Dad will definitely fix the bike.
- Ann is likely to miss the train. “Anya will be late for the train.”
How to learn Complex Subject
Just as in the case of the Complex Object, exercises to work out a false subject are developed in the sequence from training to productive (that is, translation).
- Translate from English to Russian (translate from English to Russian):
Don’t try to argue with him: he supposed to know everything.
The book is considered to have been lost. Fortunately, I found it.
Don’t criticize my appearance! I’m believed to become a model! - Arrange the sentence and translate into Russian (arrange the words in the sentence in the correct order and translate).
The girl, won, considered, is, in, competition, the.
Sure, Dad, to repair, is the bike.
You, did, he, to, happen, meet? - Translate from Russian into English (translate from Russian to English).
Mary seemed to be in love.
It became known that Bart disappeared last night.
Mom will help you with the lessons.
Expect the baby to be born in the winter.
He is counting on what I will concede.
You have a sloppy hairstyle. You need a haircut.
Complex Object - a feature of speaking
Starting to learn a language in order to use itfor everyday communication, many people believe that knowledge of the grammatical foundations is completely useless. But the possession of lexical units is not the ability to speak. Rather, such a person performs the function of a "walking dictionary", at the right moment finding a translation of the lexeme. Communication in English is the ability to tie your thoughts together and express them in a foreign language. And just the grammar is the very link that allows you to correctly and logically express your ideas. This applies to both small rules, footnotes, and whole grammatical systems. In this case, the need to study such phenomena as a complex addition and subject, suggests itself. These grammatical forms are used both in newspaper periodicals, literary publications, and in colloquial speech. In particular, this concerns the use of the Complex Object in English. The conciseness and brevity of its form allows us to express the thought most accurately and clearly for the recipient (the one who listens to the speaker). Complex Object is actively used in the texts of foreign songs, films, programs, etc.
Difficult subject and passive voice - the same phenomenon?
Those who are more or less familiar with grammarEnglish, were able to catch the similarity of these two structures. Indeed, for the formation of a complex subject form, an excellent knowledge of the algorithm for the formation of a liability is necessary. Passive Voice is a grammatical phenomenon by which they designate an effect on a subject in a sentence, for example:
- The house is fired. “The house is on fire.”
As you can see from this offer, housingexposed to fire. This is a passive voice. In this grammatical phenomenon, animate nouns can also act as a subject, for example:
- The girl is punished. - The girl was punished.
The form of the passive voice coincides with the “framing” of the complex subject:
- Quit the country - They say that the girl left the country.
Attention! Passive pledge and complex subject match only in external form! Translation of these designs will be different!
Then why is this comparison necessary?It is necessary that the Complex Subject is actively learned in speech. Knowing the basics of the formation of liability, you can easily create a complex subject form in oral speech, without resorting to a pen and a piece of paper.
Thus, Complex Subject, Complex Object -these are linguistic phenomena that are not inherent in the Russian language. It seems that the many nuances and alien design complicate the process of mastering the rules. In fact, this is nothing complicated. The main thing - be sure to work out the primary skills by completing the training exercises, and then proceed to the direct use of these complexes in speech.
