The subject and the predicate are linguisticconcepts related to the study of the structure of the sentence. Both of these members are recognized as the main ones and represent the grammatical basis of the sentence, its semantic center.
Between them there is a close grammatical and lexical relationship. Often it is possible to find the predicate in a sentence through its relation to the subject, and the subject through its connection with the predicate.
Semantic features of the predicate
If the subject names an object, then the predicatenames the feature that characterizes this object. It may be some kind of action, condition, property, quality, quantity, generic concept or belonging. We give examples.
- "Father went to the window." The predicate “approached” expresses the action of an object called the subject “father”.
- "Veronica was happy." The composite predicate "was happy" denotes the state of the object expressed by the subject "Veronica".
- "Raindrops sparkling with gems in the sun." Here the predicate is the phrase “shimmering with gems”, it characterizes the property of raindrops in the sun.
- "Clothes turned out to be worn." The predicate "turned out to be worn" expressed the quality of the object designated the subject "clothing".
- "Three times three - nine." Here both main terms are expressed by numerals. The predicate, expressing quantity, is the word "nine."
- "Potatoes - Vegetables". Predictable "vegetable culture" is a generic concept.
- "Bow - Anyutkin, shoes - mine." In this sentence with two bases, the predicates “Anyutkin” and “mine” are expressed by the noun and the pronoun, respectively, and they denote belonging.
Three semantic tasks of the predicate in the sentence
“What does the object do? What happens to him?Who is he or what is he? What is he? ”- these are the questions that can be asked to the predicate. Thus, this member of the sentence is capable of solving three main tasks:
- Calls the action that produces the subject: "The pain has subsided."
- He calls the action that the subject experiences on himself: "The house was completely occupied by people."
- Fixes the subject as the owner of a certain sign: "His intentions were serious."
In the role of the predicate
Most often, the performer of the role of the predicate in the sentence is the verb. In this case, the predicate may consist of one or more verbs in a personal form. Example: "The little bird sang - it was flooded".
The predicate may well be expressed in other parts of speech and syntactic constructions.
- Nouns: "London is the capital of Great Britain."
- Adjectives: “Southern night - warm, velvet.”
- The numerals: "Five, five, twenty-five."
- Adverbs: "Hands - together, legs - apart."
- Communion: "The tea is drunk, the cheesecakes are eaten."
- Pronoun: "Ten percent of the deal is mine."
- Phraseological turn: "Frightened, Kostya gave strekach, just saw him."
- The whole sentence: “Good health is when you forget about it.” In this case, the predicate is a construction consisting of the sentence “this is when you forget about it”.
Varieties of the predicate
It can be both simple and compound.
Simple is the name of a simple verbthe predicate, as it is expressed by verbs in its various forms - in the indicative mood in all three tenses (present, future, past), in imperative and conditional moods, in an indefinite form, in the non-conjugate form of the verb "is".
The composite predicate combines twoelement, one of which - the main, and the other - auxiliary. Such predicate is subdivided into two types - compound nominal and compound verbal. In the first case, the predicative portion of the predicate is expressed by one of the names - a noun, numeral, adjective, adverb, pronoun, participle, and in the second - an infinitive. Examples:
- "Vera Ivanovna began to read me the notation." Compound verb the predicate is expressed by the verb female. sort of h., past of time "began" and the infinitive "read."
- "The holiday will turn out great!" Here is a compound. names. The predicate is a combination of the future verb. time 3 l., ed. h. "work out" and the adjective "gorgeous."
Homogeneous predicates
Homogeneous are those sentence members thatequally refers to the same word. For example, homogeneous predicates are lexemes that refer to the same subject and answer one question. They can be connected by unions or separated by commas, marked by enumerative intonation. Examples:
- "He asked, implored, convinced, however she did notI trembled and did not yield. ” The predicted “asked, implored, persuaded” - homogeneous. They, answering the question “what did you do?”, Refer to the subject “he”. The predicted "did not flinch and did not give up" - also homogeneous, they are connected by union andrefer to the subject "she". We ask them a question: “What did you do?”
- "Maxim saw Lilia and stood rooted to the spot."In this sentence, the simple predicate “saw” and the steady expression “rose as if dug” are homogeneous. They both relate to the subject "Maxim" and answer one question: "What did you do?"
In parsing, the predicate is always underlined by two features, no matter how many of them are in the sentence.
