Arabic Hieroglyphs and Their Significance

Arab (alifba in Arabic) consonant (thenthere are written only consonant letters) the alphabetic spelling used for the Arabic language and some others is one of the most complex writing systems at the moment. Modern Arabic writing is a multi-vector phenomenon. However, Arab hieroglyphs are very actively displaced from the area of ​​communication, where there is another official language.

The essence of the Arabic script

Characteristic features of the Arabic script:

1. Left-sided orientation - the letter traditionally goes from right to left.
2. A lot of superscripts and also subscripts are diacritics, which was created to recognize weakly distinguishable letters and to create new characters.
3. The italic type of writing, the absence of "positions" andcapital letters. Moreover, the italic (fusion) of the Arabic script is not consistent: some Arabic hieroglyphs connect with the rest either exclusively to the left, or exclusively to the right.
4. Allography - change the form of letters. It depends on their position in the word - in the end, in the middle, in the beginning or separately.

The modern Arabic alphabet consists of twentyeight consonants and semi-vowels, as well as diacritical signs in the form of superscripts or sub-points, circles, dashes embedded in the alphabetical system after the adoption of Islam, or for the recognition of certain consonant letters and sounds, or to designate vowels in order to more accurately convey the text of the Holy Qur'an .

History of Arabic writing.

In science, it is believed that the Arabic scriptarose on the basis of the Nabatean letter (the fourth century BC - the first century AD), but it is not necessary to discard the ancient tradition of Syrian writing, as well as the style affinity of the letters from the sacred book "Avesta".

Thus, the Arabian appeared before the appearancesuch a world religion as Islam. In the Soviet Union, writing on the basis of an Arabic letter was banned in 1928 by a decree of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars, and the authors of the modernized Arab were repressed. An interesting fact is that, with the exception of the Tatar SSR, the replacement of Arabic graphics (alifs) with Latin letters (yanalif) did not cause much resistance. According to statistics, about seven percent of the world's population uses Arabic hieroglyphs.

Arabic: its global significance

Arabic (Arabic version of اللغة العربية,is read as "al-luġa al-'arabiya") is the language of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asian language family. The number of speakers in the given language and its dialects is about three hundred million (as the first language), and about fifty million people use Arabic as the second language for communication. Classical Arabic - the language of the Holy Qur'an - is constantly used in religious processions and prayers by adherents of Islam around the world (the total number of Muslims is about one and a half billion). Since ancient times, it has been distinguished by an essential dialectal branching and diversity.

Dialects of Arabic

Modern colloquial Arabic is divided into five dialect subgroups, in their essence, are separate languages ​​from a philological point of view:

• Maghreb dialects.
• Sudanese-Egyptian dialects.
• Iraqi-Mesopotamian dialects.
• Arabian group of dialects.
• Central Asian groups of dialects.

The Maghreb dialect belongs to the western group,others - to the eastern group of dialects of the Arabic language. Arabic dialects are state-owned in twenty-two eastern countries, which have given it official status and are used in administrative institutions and courts.

The Koran as the basis of Arabica

In the Arab myths, the great Allah created the letters and gave them to Adam, concealing from the angels. The creator of the Arabic letter is sometimes considered to be not able to write and read Prophet Muhammad, or his personal assistant.

According to the Arabic linguistic tradition,the Arabic script itself is being formed in the city of Hira, the main city of the Dakhmi state, and is developing further in the middle of the seventh century, with the primary recording of the Koran (651).

The Qur'an (from Arabic translates as قرآن -read) can also be published under the title of the Holy Book or the Blessed Word. It contains one hundred and fourteen unrelated chapters (surah in Arabic). Suras, in turn, are made up of verses (verses) and are arranged in descending order of the number of ayahs.

В 631 году н.э.the military-religious state of the Arab Caliphate was founded, and the Arabic script is gaining global significance, and at the moment it dominates the Middle East. The capital of Arabic linguistics was Iraq (the city of Basra and Kufa).

In the seventh century, a resident of Basra, Abul-Aswad-ad-Dualiadded additional characters to the Arabic characters for writing short vowels. Approximately in the same time interval, Nasr ibn-Asym and Yahya ibn-Yamara invented a system of diacritical signs for distinguishing a number of similar graphemes.

In the eighth century, a resident of the city of Basra, Al-Khalilibn-Ahmed improved the writing of short vowels. His system has reached the present day and is used mainly when writing texts of the Quran, lyrical and educational texts.

Arabic Hieroglyphs and Their Significance

The most famous examples of arabic are the following words:

• الحب - love;
• راحة - comfort;
• السعادة - happiness;
• الازدهار - well-being;
• فرح - joy (positive mood);
• الأسرة - family.

Arabic characters with translation into Russian easilyfound in academic professional dictionaries. In Arabic, there are a lot of original handwritings (from Arabic ṭ hat »" line "), the most important of which are:

• naskh (نسخ "copying"), is considered a classic Arabic script and is used in typographical typography;
• Nastalik is especially respected in Iran, where Shiite Islam exists;
• Maghribi (such countries as Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia);
• Kufi (Arabic كوفي, from the geographers. names of the town Kufa) - scientists consider it to be the most ancient handwriting, its features are modest and elegant.

Arabic characters with translation

Consider some examples of Arabic words. Arabic hieroglyphs and their meaning in Russian are always given with transcription for correct pronunciation.

A variety of Arabic handwriting

For centuries, the stereotype has taken rootArabic writing is the direction of the letters to form a line, on both parts of which points are written disproportionately. It is believed that the Arabic letter influenced the emergence of modern written systems of shorthand and coding.

Many Arabic handwriting possiblealso explain its specific features and dialectal diversity. In the circle of the Maghreb writing, some scholars discovered the Berber-Libyan influence, in the diagonal "nastalik" - the legacy of the Avestan script.

Very pronounced square ArabicThe letter is received mainly in Central Asia, where it may have been introduced to the Chinese square handwriting of Shanfang Dazhuan, as well as the Tibetan writing system of the pack. Many writing systems have influenced Arabic hieroglyphs. Photos of Arabic can be found in the article, and in the special literature.