In nature, there are several waysreproduction of organisms, which ensures the continuity of generations and the existence of life on the planet. Each of them is due to the peculiarities of structure, habitat and classification. In this article we will consider in more detail what budding is and for which organisms this method of reproduction is characteristic.
Methods of reproduction of organisms
There are two main ways of reproduction.Sexual occurs with the help of specialized cells - gametes. At the same time, the chromosomal material of two organisms is connected or a recombination of genes occurs. As a result, the new organism acquires new signs. In asexual reproduction gametes do not participate. It is characteristic of representatives of all the kingdoms of living nature, except for viruses, which reproduce in a special way - self-assembly.
Asexual reproduction: budding and not only
This kind of reproduction of similar ones alsocan occur in several ways. For example, some plants and fungi form cells of asexual reproduction, which are called spores. In algae, such formations are mobile, since they have flagella. They are called zoospores. In higher plants, asexual reproduction occurs by the separation of multicellular parts - vegetatively. But what is budding and how it is carried out, it is necessary to consider separately for each kingdom of living nature.
Plant budding
Pocification in plant organisms occursnot so often. More often new individuals arise vegetatively or sexually - in cones or flowers. What is budding in plants, can be considered using the example of a room medicinal plant Kalanchoe. At the edge of its leaf plate, small tubercles are formed, which eventually acquire all the features of an adult plant. Despite the miniature size, they are quite viable, because they already consist of a root and an escape. This means that young plants are able to independently and photosynthesize, and suck water from the substrate. Having reached a certain size, such kidneys enter the soil, where they germinate and grow into adult plants.
Pocification in animals
Reproduction by budding occurs in animals.Namely - coelenterates, of which the freshwater hydra is a representative. She leads an attached way of life. Periodically, a protuberance is formed on its body - a small tubercle. It grows, acquiring all the features of an adult organism. After this, the kidney is cleaved, and it passes to an independent existence. Somewhat differently, this process occurs in other representatives of coelenterates - coral polyps. Their kidneys also grow, become similar to adults, but here the process of cleavage does not occur. As a result, a bizarre body is formed. Their accumulations in the oceans form whole coral reefs.
The intestinal celiac are not the only animals,capable of multiplying by budding. For example, larvae of tapeworms, which are called Finns, first form a protrusion, which turns into the head of the parasite. With its help, the worm is attached to the intestinal tract of the host. The next stage of budding is the formation of the neck and numerous segments of the helminth.
Puckering of mushrooms
What is budding, you can also consideron the example of mushrooms. Each of us observed that if yeast is sprinkled with sugar and left in a warm place, then their amount after a while increases significantly. This is an example of the reproduction of mushrooms, the budding of which is used in cooking and bakery. During this process, a small protrusion develops on the yeast cell, which gradually increases in size. Then between the maternal and daughter cells there is a septum, which helps to narrow the channel between them. After this, the young cell is able to live independently. The budding process in yeast fungi is about two hours.
Bacterial budding
It is traditionally accepted that for bacteriaonly one primitive way of reproduction is characteristic - division in two. However, there are separate species of these organisms that are capable of budding. These are purple bacteria, moving with the help of several flagella. But this is an exception to the general rule. Stalked bacteria also mourn, which, thus, dichotomically branch, forming new individuals.
The significance of this method of asexual reproduction innature is large enough. During budding cells are divided by mitosis. This means that as a result, genetically identical individuals are formed, and hereditary information is transmitted from generation to generation in an unchanged form, ensuring the continuity of generations of representatives of virtually all groups of living organisms.
