Orthoepia called the totality of all the norms of pronunciation inliterary language, as well as a separate section of linguistics, which studies the functioning of these norms. Orthoepy as a section makes recommendations on the pronunciation of various sounds, sound combinations, grammatical forms, words borrowed from other languages.
В основе устной речи лежат такие понятия, как pronunciation and stress. Very often they are not reflected in the letter in due measure, so it is important to know how to pronounce words in a literary language, especially since oral speech develops very rapidly and is more common. It is no secret that in recent years, people have begun to read and write less and talk and listen more.
The main problem is that the existing orthoepic norms are often violated. What caused these errors? Let us consider in more detail these errors and the rules that will help to avoid them.
Orthoepic norms of the Russian literary languageregulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in different phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and separately standing words. The distinctive feature of pronunciation is uniformity. Errors of orthoepic nature can negatively affect the perception of speech by listeners. They can distract the interlocutor's attention from the essence of the conversation, cause misunderstanding and irritation. Corresponding to the orthoepic norms, the pronunciation facilitates the process of communication and makes it more efficient.
Orthoepic norms determines the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its phonetic laws governing the pronunciation of the sounds and words they create.
Основой русского литературного языка является The Moscow dialect, however, in the Russian orthoepy, distinguishes between the so-called “junior” and “senior” norms. The first displays the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to the old Moscow orthoepic norms.
Basic pronunciation rules
In Russian, only those are clearly pronounced.vowels that are under stress: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose clarity and clarity. This is the law of reduction. Thus, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without accent or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced as “a”: from (a) rock, in (a) rona. In unstressed syllables in place of the letter “o”, an obscure sound may be pronounced, for example, as the first syllable in the word “head”.
The vowel sound “and” is pronounced as “s” after the preposition, a solid consonant or with a continuous pronunciation of two words. For example, “pedagogical institute”, “laughter and tears”.
As for the pronunciation of consonants, itgoverned by the laws of stunning and assimilation. The voiced consonants standing before a deaf sound are stunned, which is a characteristic feature of the Russian language. As an example, the word "pillar" can be cited, the last letter in which is stunned and pronounced as "n". There are a lot of such words.
In many words, instead of the sound “h”, you should say “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in the endings reads like “c” (the words “my”, “no one” and others).
As mentioned above, the orthoepic normsdeal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Typically, such words are subject to the norms in the language, and only sometimes can have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is the softening of consonants in front of the “e”. This can be seen in such words as "faculty", "cream", "overcoat" and others. At the same time, in some words the pronunciation may vary ("dean", "terror", "therapy").
Orthoepic norms - this is also the norm of stress setting, which is not fixed in Russian. This means that in different grammatical forms the word stress may differ (“hand” - “hand”).
Remember correct speech is the key to success. It needs to be constantly improved and developed. It is better to look into the orthoepic dictionary once more than to constantly make elementary and ridiculous mistakes in pronunciation or stress. Speak beautiful!
