Human life is not conceived without constant exchange.with people around you information. That is why in the history there is a box of famous quotes and statements. The human word is extraordinarily strong - great orators, rhetors, generals, statesmen were able to inspire whole nations with speech. Next, we will talk about what a statement is, analyze what it is, find out what goals it serves, learn to build sayings that are pleasant to everyone, and also recall some famous statements.
Scientific definition
From the point of view of science, the statement is the main(undefined) term from the field of mathematical logic. In more common sense, a statement is any narrative sentence that asserts something about something. Moreover, from the point of view of specific circumstances and time frames, it is possible to state with accuracy whether it is true or false in the existing conditions. Each such logical statement can thus be attributed to one of 2 groups:
- True.
- Lying.
To true statements, for example, belong the following:
- If a girl graduated from high school, she receives a high school diploma.
- London - Capital of the UK.
- Crucian - fish.
False statements such as:
- The dog is not an animal.
- St. Petersburg is built on the Moscow River.
- The number 15 is divisible by 3 and 6.
What does not apply to statements?
It is necessary to make a reservation that in the areascience not all sentences fall into the category of statements. It becomes obvious that a phrase that does not carry either truth or falsity falls out of the group of statements, for example:
- Long live world peace!
- Welcome to the new school!
- You must bring your boots and umbrella for a walk.
Classification of statements
So, if the fact that such a statement is clarified, the classification of this category is still not defined. Meanwhile, it really exists. Sayings are divided into 2 two groups:
- A simple or elementary statement is a sentence representing a single statement.
- Complex, or compound, statement, that issuch, which is formed from elementary, through the use of grammatical tangles "or", "and", "neither", "not", "if ... then ...", "then and only then" and others. An example would be the true sentence: "If the child is motivated, then he is good at school.", Which is formed from 2 elementary statements:"The child has motivation"And"He's good at school"Using the linking element" if ... then ... ". All similar constructions are constructed in a similar way.
So, with the fact that such a statement isapplied to the area of exact sciences, now everything is clear. For example, in algebra, any statement is considered only in the aspect of its logical value, without taking into account any everyday content. Here the statement can be either exclusively true, or exclusively false - the third is not given. In this logical statement is qualitatively different from the philosophical statement, which will be discussed later.
In school math (and sometimescomputer science) elementary statements are denoted by lowercase Latin letters: a, b, c, ... x, y, z. The true value of the judgment is traditionally marked by the number "1", and a false value - the number "0".
Important concepts to establish the truth or falsity of a statement
The main terms that somehow come into contact with the area of logical statements include:
- “judgment” is a statement that is potentially true or false;
- “statement” is a judgment that requires proof or denial;
- "reasoning" - a set of logical and interrelated judgments, facts, conclusions and statements that can be obtained thanks to other judgments according to certain rules for making a conclusion;
- "induction" is a mode of reasoning from the particular (smaller) to the general (more global);
- "дедукция" – наоборот, способ рассуждения от common to the particular (it was the deductive method that preferred the famous hero of Arthur Conan Doyle's stories to Sherlock Holmes, who, together with the knowledge base, observation and attentiveness, allowed him to find the truth, to clothe it in the form of logical statements, to build the right chains of reasoning and as a result to establish the personality criminal).
What is the statement in psychology: "You" -vysheniya
Наука о человеческом сознании также отводит categories of statements a huge role. It is with the help of it that an individual can make a positive impression on others and create a non-conflict microclimate in a relationship. Therefore, today, psychologists are trying to popularize the theme of the presence of two types of statements: this is “I” -victions and “You” -victions. About the latter type, anyone who wants to improve their communication, it is better to forget forever!
Typical examples of “you” -speaking are:
- - You're always wrong!
- - Again, you climb with your recommendations!
- “Can you not be so awkward?”
В них сразу чувствуется открытое недовольство the interlocutor, the prosecution, the creation of a situation uncomfortable for a person in which he is forced to defend himself. In this case, he cannot hear, understand and accept the point of view of the “accuser” because he was initially put in the position of the enemy and the enemy.
“I” -speaking
Если цель высказывания – это выражение своего opinions, feelings, emotions, then forget about finding an approach to the interlocutor, however, you can never. Throwing a short charge on “you” is much easier, but in this case you can not count on a positive reaction from the interlocutor, because the cocoon of the response of emotional protection will not allow him to reach. Therefore, it will still be more effective to try the technique of “I” voicing, which rests on certain principles.
The first thing is to not blame the other personbut to express your own emotional reaction about what happened. Although the other person does not know what will be discussed further, it will intuitively be predisposed to the problems of the comrade and will be ready to show participation and care.
For example, you can say:
- I'm sad.
- I'm indignant.
- I'm lost.
- I am ready to burst into tears.
Further it is necessary to explain what caused such emotions. Again we act only through the “I” form:
- I was late for work, and the boss reprimanded me.
- I was waiting for you and could not call because the network is not catching.
- I spent a whole hour in the rain and got wet.
Finally, an explanation of why a particular action caused a particular reaction should be given:
- For me, this event was extremely important.
- I am too tired and can not cope with overwhelming duties.
- I put a lot of effort into this business and as a result I did not get anything!
On the penultimate or final (independing on the situation) stage you need to express a wish or request. The person to whom the interlocutor addresses after such a detailed description of the feelings should receive certain recommendations and advice for further behavior. Whether he will take them into consideration or not - his personal choice, which will demonstrate the real attitude:
- I would like you to leave the house earlier.
- I propose to agree: we will deal with household duties in a day.
An optional, but in some cases, a necessary item is a warning about their intentions, namely:
- I'm afraid I won't be able to lend you a car for the weekend anymore.
- I will remind you of your homework if you forget.
Errors in following the concept of “I” -speaking
In order to build a successful dialogue and prevent scandals, such errors should be excluded from our own communication practice:
- Вынесение обвинений.It is not enough to use only one item of equipment, and then start in denouncing and commenting on the interlocutor and his actions in the form: “You are late!”, “You broke!”, “You scattered things!”. In this case, the conception completely loses its meaning.
- Generalizations Labels and stamps should be discarded as soon as possible. We are talking about unflattering stereotypical statements about women behind the wheel, blondes, bachelor men, etc.
- Insults.
- The expression of their own emotions in a rude form ("I am ready to kill you!", "I'm just mad!").
Thus, the “I” statements suggest the rejection of humiliations and reproaches in order not to turn communication into a dangerous invisible weapon.
Famous statements of philosophers
Completion of the article will be associated with statements that, unlike logical judgments and universal psychological techniques, are perceived by each person purely individually:
- What you should not do, do not even think (Epictetus).
- To give out someone else's secret is treason, to give out your own is nonsense (Voltaire).
- If 50 million people say stupid, it is still stupid (Anatole France).
Philosophical statements help people better understand themselves and others, support in various spheres of life.
