Earth's climate belts were formed underexposure to several major factors, which include the amount of heat, moisture and radiation in the atmosphere, as well as the dynamics of air masses. According to the accepted classification, all air masses, which determine the nature of the climate, are divided into four types: Arctic, temperate, tropical and equatorial. Based on the nature of the surface over which air masses are formed, they are further divided into continental and marine.
Climatic zones of Russia, like the entire planet,denoted by the names of air masses. The prefix "sub" is added to some of the names if the air masses in the region seasonally alternate.
With the exception of the equatorial, all climaticBelts are available in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Russia has a vast territory with diverse types of climate, since the nature of the surface, humidity, temperature and background radiation vary significantly in different parts of the country.
Climatic zones of Russia: temperate, arctic and subarctic. In the temperate zone there are severalcertain types of climate, which, despite some common features of weather conditions and changes of seasons, have noticeable differences in temperature and precipitation.
Characteristics of the climatic zones of Russia:
1. Arctic belt - coast of the Arctic Ocean in Siberia andnearby islands, except for the southern islands of the Barents Sea. The coldest of all belts. Very little solar heat comes in here, and during the long polar night it is not there at all. The average temperature in the winter is minus 30-35 degrees, in the summer - from zero to plus five. Solar heat in the summer is spent mainly on melting ice and snow, as well as on partial warming of cold air that comes from the ocean. The weather at this time of the year is rainy, overcast.
Rainfall, with the exception of small areas, is not so great - from 200 to 300 mm per year.
There are several climatic regions of the arctic zone:
- arctic, with the longest and harsh polar night;
- Siberian - the coldest of all coastal zones;
- Pacific - medium severity zone;
- Atlantic - the warmest and windiest.
Within the Arctic belt, the climates of the tundra and the Arctic desert are formed.
2. Subarctic belt - includes the southern islands of the Barents Sea, the WesternSiberia, the East European Plain and northeast Russia to 60 degrees north latitude. In this belt there is a seasonal change of air flow. The severity and coldness of winter gradually increases toward the east. On the Kola Peninsula, on average, in the winter –7 ... –12, and on the Pacific coast –12… –18 degrees.
Summer is a little warmer and longer than in the arctic zone. On average, the temperature reaches +10 degrees. Annual precipitation is higher: on average, 400–450 mm.
In the subarctic zone also distinguish the Siberian climate zone, the Pacific and Atlantic. Climate tundra, Siberian light forests and northern taiga are formed here.
3. Temperate zone - the main territory of the country: the European part, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East. If we compare the climatic zones of Russia, here we will find the greatest variety of weather conditions.
От северной границы пояса к югу постепенно dry climate increases and the amount of precipitation decreases, and from west to east you can find recurring climatic zones: continental, temperate continental, sharply continental and monsoon. This is due to the peculiarities of the circulation of air masses within the temperate zone.
Everywhere there is a seasonal change of weather.Frosts in winter are mostly low, and summers are fairly warm. Temperature extremes increase in a sharply continental climate. The wettest and coolest type of climate is monsoonal, and the smoothest of all is continental.
Alternating climatic zones of Russiacan be almost fully met in the mountains, since the mountain climate is significantly different from all the others. Here, the variability of the weather increases dramatically, and at short distances, completely different temperatures, windiness and humidity coexist. Than to the south and higher mountains, the more diverse their microclimate.
