A significant part of the Russian spelling occupyrules of hyphenated, separate and merged writing of word forms. Complicated adjectives, examples of which will be given in the article, illustrate the rules of the spelling of the Russian language.
Complicated word - what is it?
In the lexical arsenal of the Russian language there are simple words consisting of one root, one base (blue, young, red, autumnth). If the word consists of several bases or parts of the bases, then it is considered difficult. Complex adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.
Complex word: ways of education
Compound words are formed in three main ways: addition, union, abbreviation.
| Way | Description | Complex nouns and complex adjectives: examples |
| Addition | Morphological method of word formation, in which a compound word is formed by merging the foundations with the help of a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows the soft consonants). | wool-eating, carnivorous, circulatory, long-range |
| Fusion | Lexical-syntactic method: a complex combination of words without connecting vowels is merged into a complex one. | two-storey (of two floors), forty days (of forty days), crazy (gone crazy) |
| Abbreviation | The conditional phonetic method: a compound word (noun) is formed from combinations of words, but, in contrast to fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters. | department store, salary, KamAZ, NATO, EGE |
Difficult adjectives: fluent writing
The spelling of complex adjectives is subject to a set of spelling rules; their complex adjective names illustrate, examples of which are given in the tables below.
At the same time, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together or form part of a phrase, where the adjective is not part of a compound word.
| No. | Rule | Complicated adjectives: examples |
| Merge | ||
| 1 | In the formation of a complex adjective from a complex noun, which is written together. | oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamer - steamboat |
| 2 | In the formation of a complex adjective from the subordinate combination of words, including from the phrases "noun + adjective", naming geographical objects. | ski - mountain skiing, natural science - natural sciences, average daily - average per day; Lysogorsky - Bald Hills, berrypolyansky - Berry Polyana |
| 3 | If the adjective denotes a scientific term or is a special word. | scaly-winged, viviparous, mammals, milk-canned, baking, geological exploration |
| 4 | If the first part of a compound word is: high-, higher-, deep-, densely, steeply, large-, easy-, little-, shallow-, many-, low-, lower-, sharply, flat-, strongly, weakly-, thickly , thin-, hard-, hard-, narrow-, wide-. If with such elements there are explanatory words, then the writing is separate. | poorly studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), widely known (widely known abroad) |
| 5 | If the first part of a compound word is general-, upper-, middle-, lower-, ancient-, early-, late-. | common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, early ripe, late Scythian |
Difficult adjectives: hyphenated
Many adjectives are written semi-slit. The rules for hyphenation and compound adjectives (examples) are given in the table below.
| No. | Rule | Complex Adjectives with Hyphens: Examples |
| Hyphenated | ||
| 1 | When a complex adjective is formed from a complex noun, which is written with a hyphen. | North-West - North-West, Social-Democratic - Social-Democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zyssykkul, since there is a prefix) |
| 2 | If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two last names or a first and last name. Exceptions are Eastern surnames. | Pushkino-Gogol, Lev-Tolstoy, Jules-Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh) |
| 3 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal words (you can put a union between them and or but). | convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional |
| 4 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal but non-uniform words. | official business electronic computing comparative historical |
| 5 | If the first part of a compound word is military, national, mass, academic, scientific. | military-legal, national-liberation, mass-sport, educational-methodical, scientific-technical |
| 6 | If an adjective reflects a shade of color. | gray-green, yellow-blue, deep black |
| 7 | Compound adjective-toponyms. | West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural |
The phrase "adverb + adjective"
Complex words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.
The spelling of complex adjectives: examples from the literature
Composite adjectives are widely used in fiction.
