The Komi Republic is a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, part of the North-West Federal District.
general information
The region is located in the European part of the country,extreme northeast, west of the Urals. The area of the republic is 416.8 thousand square kilometers. The largest cities are Syktyvkar - the capital of the republic, Vorkuta, Sosnogorsk, Inta, Ukhta, Vuktyl, Usinsk and Pechora. The Komi Republic borders with the Yamalo-Nenets, Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Districts, the Arkhangelsk, Kirov and Sverdlovsk Regions, as well as the Perm Territory.
72% of the region is covered by forests.The Ural Mountains stretch along the eastern border of the Komi Republic. The rest of the subject is swamps, tundra with reindeer pastures and forest tundra. There are two major rivers: Vychegda and Pechora. The Komi Republic is rich in deep lakes.
The Komi Republic is located in a moderate andsubarctic climatic zones, so there are long, cold winters, and summer, on the contrary, is cool and short. Sharp temperature and atmospheric pressure fluctuations, cyclones, and abundant precipitation are often observed.
The subject is inhabited by representatives 130nationalities! 65% of them are Russians. In second place are representatives of the Komi people, 24%. Belorussians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Komi-Izhmians, Chuvash, Mari, Bashkirs, Mordovians, Udmurts, Nenets, Komi-Perm citizens and others also live here.
History
Until the end of the XV century, the territory was part ofNovgorod Republic, and then moved to the Moscow State. First, furs were removed from here, and in the middle of the 18th century, oil began to be extracted near the Ukhta River. Due to the harsh climate in the region at that time there were few inhabitants.
In the early 30s of the twentieth century in the Komi Republicdiscovered coal, but began to mine it during the Great Patriotic War. In the same years, a railway was built for the export of wood, oil and coal.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 90s of the twentieth century in the industry of the republic came the crisis.
Natural resources
Minerals of the Komi Republic play an importantrole for the country. The region has a large coal basin, an oil and gas province and combustible shale basins - the republic is rich in fuel and energy resources.
In the subject of large reserves of flammable gas andshale, peat, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rare, scattered and rare-earth metals, precious metals and diamonds. Titanium, manganese, chromite and aluminum ores are common.
Non-metallic minerals of the RepublicKomi can be used as mining, mining, piezo-optic and quartz raw materials. There are materials for metallurgy, jewelry, gemstone and mineral and building materials.
The forest industry is very developed in the republic. The area of all forests is 38.9 million hectares. Also in the Komi Republic there are a lot of mineral, fresh and industrial groundwater.
Combustible minerals
Важнейшими природными ресурсами республики Коми are combustible minerals. Especially it is necessary to allocate coal deposits. The absolute majority of them are concentrated in the Pechora coal basin. There are 213 billion tons of geological reserves of coal, of which only 9 billion have been explored.
На территориях Ненецкого автономного округа и Komi is located Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, 60% of which resources are oil. Its geological reserves - 4 billion tons. There are also almost 3 trillion m3 hydrocarbon gases.
On Timan, near the village of Nymed in the river basinIzhma, is an industrial deposit of asphaltite - solid natural bitumen. This is a product of a strong hypergene change of oil near the surface of the earth. Asphaltites accumulate at the oil outlets in the form of reservoir deposits. The Timan deposit is considered one of the richest in Russia.
Peat is a sedimentary rock formed bythe accumulation in the swamp of the remains of the plants that did not decompose to the end. Peat bogs make up more than 10% of the entire territory of the republic, because there are large reserves of peat here - about 1 billion tons.
Месторождение горючих сланцев – четыре бассейна:Bolshezemelsky, Izhemsky, Yarengsky and Sysolsky. Oil shale are sedimentary minerals consisting of organic matter and mineral (siliceous, clay, etc.) parts.
Mining and chemical raw materials
Minerals of the Komi Republic are presentedand mining and chemical raw materials. These include, for example, phosphate rock. They are developed in the Pai-Khoi, the Polar Urals, the Timan, as well as in the basins of the Vymi and Sysola rivers.
Еще с XII века на территории региона развивалось salinization. The industrial reserves of the stone and potash salt deposits are located near the village of Seregovo and amount to 2.7 billion tons. Every year, around 6,000 tons of edible salt was extracted from it.
In the Komi Republic two deposits of barite -natural barium sulfate. The reserves of the Khoylinsky deposit amount to almost 40 million tons, it is located near the city of Vorkuta. The Palninskoye field has less reserves - around 17 million tons.
A small deposit of native sulfur was discovered on the North Keltma River in South Timan.
Mining and technical raw materials
В Урало-Новоземельской провинции известны крупные deposits of fluorite - calcium fluoride, transparent or translucent stone with a glass luster and a variety of colors. The largest of the explored deposits is Amderminskoye, the remaining reserves in it are more than 1.5 million tons.
The deposits of rock crystal in the mountains of the SubpolarThe Urals were discovered in 1927. As a piezo-optic material, crystal began to be developed in the early 1930s. On the Northern Timan in the agate tonsils there are small crystals of crystal.
Natural Stone Materials
In the region there are natural stonematerials such as limestone and dolomite are magnesium and calcium carbonates. The largest developed field is the Belgop. It is located in the Ukhta district, its reserves are more than 15 million m3.
Gypsum - a natural stone material, a mineral from the sulfate class - is mined in two deposits. At Ust-Tsilemsky, its reserves amount to 70 million tons, at Izhma - more than 150 million tons.
The Komi Republic is rich in sandstones, quartzites and crystalline rocks. For example, in the Middle Pechora there is the Voiskoye field, which has large reserves of quartz glass sandstones.
Gemstone raw materials
Еще одна группа полезных ископаемых республики – these are polished stones. These include, for example, rubies, preenites, quartz, amber, and garnets. In the Subpolar Urals, there are jewelery types of quartz, in the Polar Urals, rubies, and in Northern Timan, preenites, aluminum and calcium silicates.
The ornamental stones include marble, agate,jade, serpentinites, jade and jasper. Agate reserves are explored in Timan and Polar Urals, and jasper in Pai-Khoi. In the Polar and Subpolar Urals, you can find marble rocks: gray - near the Seyda-Labytnangi railway, yellowish and gray - in South Timan and near the station Khalmer-Yu. Manifestations of serpentinites were found in the basins of the Bolshaya Patok, Vangyr and Kosyu river basins in the Subpolar Urals, and deposits of jadeite and jade were found in the Polar Urals.
Полезные ископаемые республики Коми представлены even diamonds. Here they are found in the Devonian and Paleo-Bulk, less often in the Northern and Middle Timan in modern placers, rare finds were found in the Northern Urals.
Ore minerals
In the region there are large deposits of titanium ores, approximately 30% of all reserves in the CIS countries. The most explored field is Yarega. The content of leucoxen here is 20-30%.
Aluminum ores are common in the Komi Republic. A large bauxite province has been discovered in Middle and South Timan over the past few years.
Gold ores often meet on the Polar andSubpolar Urals, as well as Timan. The most interesting are industrial placers of gold on Timan in the upper reaches of the Tsilma, Nivshera and Pizhma rivers and in the basin of the Kozhy river.
Conclusion
The Komi Republic is rich in oil, gas and coal.Due to the volume of combustible minerals, the region can be called the main fuel base of the North of the European part of Russia. In addition, forest and water resources are concentrated in the subject.
