Human needs are limitless, of whichYou can’t say anything about the resources of our planet. Therefore, all technical progress is aimed at ensuring a decent standard of living for as many people as possible. However, long-term economic growth is not even. The heyday alternates with instability. A crisis is a state of imbalance in consumption and production on a social scale. Periods of instability are characterized by a deterioration in the standard of living of the population, but they are an integral part of economic development. In this article, we consider the nature, types, causes and ways out of crises.
Definition
Considering the meaning of the word "crisis", it is logicalbegin with the origin of the term. In translation from Greek - a turning point, a solution, an outcome. A crisis is any event that can lead to an unstable or dangerous situation that affects an individual, a group of people or a whole society. Negative changes often occur not in one sphere, but in several. It affects the economy, politics, security, public relations, and even the environment.
Essence
There is no consensus among economists.as to what constitutes a crisis. This, of course, a negative phenomenon, according to all scientists. But its causes and consequences vary, depending on the direction we chose to study. In the USSR, it was believed that a crisis was an essential attribute of an exclusively capitalist mode of production. But in a socialist society there can only be “growth difficulties”. Some modern scholars believe that the concept of crisis applies exclusively to the macroeconomic level. This phenomenon is manifested in the overproduction of goods, which leads to mass bankruptcy of business entities, the growth of unemployment among the population and other socio-economic problems. Scientists see a crisis as a state that cannot be overcome without fundamental internal and external changes.
Functions
Periodic crises are inherentattribute of development. They undoubtedly lead to a deterioration in the life of the population. Despite this, crises are progressive in nature. They perform the following main functions:
- Elimination of obsolete and exhausted its potential elements of the dominant system, impeding its further development.
- Contribute to the approval of new rules.
- The test of the strength of the elements of the system and the inheritance of only the most effective.
Considering what a crisis in an economy is, it is importantunderstand that this is a phenomenon, not a single event. First, you can observe the latent period of its development, when the prerequisites are only maturing. The national economy at this time is still characterized by stable development. At the second stage of the crisis, a rapid aggravation of the existing socio-economic contradictions occurs. On the third - the prerequisites for overcoming the latter are created and the revival in the national economy begins.
Typology
Crisis is called extreme exacerbation.socio-economic contradictions. This phenomenon can cover the entire system as a whole or only a part of it (separate areas). In the first case, it is a general crisis, in the second - a local one. Also, this phenomenon is characterized by its problems. Depending on the scale of the latter, macro-and microcrises are distinguished. Also classify this phenomenon by the scope and causes. There are economic, social, psychological, technological and organizational crises. And for reasons of occurrence - environmental, social and natural.
Background and ways to overcome instability: the crisis of 2015
Forecasts for Russia leading internationalFor several years now, institutions and domestic experts have been saying that the economy is in a recession phase. Many journalists wrote about the inevitability of the crisis in 2015. Not denied the possibility of a recession and the government. The reasons for the recent crisis in Russia have been low oil prices, the national currency rate, inflation, a high lending rate. The way out of this negative situation is a radical restructuring of the socio-economic system. It is necessary to understand what the key problems are and eliminate them. To overcome the crisis, it is necessary to think over the economic concept and development strategy. For example, Russia should reorient itself from the export of raw materials and semi-finished products to goods with higher added value. And for this, investments in science and advanced development, as well as the development of human capital, are paramount. The crisis is a complex phenomenon, so it is impossible to deal with individual problems, you need to think about all areas and plan for the long term.
