In explanatory dictionaries (for example, Ephraim) the following definitions are given to the word. The artel is:
Association of persons of any profession in a group for their joint work. It also assumes their overall responsibility and self-government, joint participation in incomes (equity).
In a figurative sense, an artel is a collection of people or a group of people walking together (crowd, crowd, “walking artel”).
Ozhegov's Dictionary
Gives an additional definition of artel asthe main form of the production association of citizens under socialism for the joint (collective) management of the economy, socializing the means of production.
Other dictionaries
Similar answers to the question “What is a gang?"Are given both in the Encyclopedic and in the Business Dictionary." Sometimes it emphasizes the voluntary nature of the association. The meaning of the word "artel" in the "Maritime Dictionary" is interpreted in an interesting way. This is the union of soldiers or sailors in the navy of Russia or in the army for organized feeding from a common boiler (at the expense of the money put on them for food). In such a partnership, the farm worker was in charge of the farm, who was elected sailors or soldiers, and was approved by senior officers. According to Dahl's dictionary, the artel is a companion of mutual responsibility, fraternity, in which all for one, and one for all, or - squad.
Voluntary union
The partnership (artel) assumed equalityworkers. They solved all production issues through self-government on the basis of mutual assistance and mutual assistance. Moreover, this association in no way limited the independence and enterprise of each individual participant, but on the contrary, encouraged it in every way. This made it possible to combine collective efforts with a penchant for individual work!
Basic principles
In the artel sharply suppressed even attemptsexploitation of some community members by others. The principles of equality did not abolish the administrative function, but literally every member of an artel could be appointed comrades to a responsible position. Sometimes these functions were performed alternately. In this regard, the partnership was completely non-capitalist entity. But equality does not mean leveling! All income distribution among the members of the cooperative was carried out according to their work. Frequently comrades contacted each other by the so-called mutual responsibility. Everyone vouched for everyone, all together - for one. This responsibility is the original distinctive feature of the artel. Historical agreements with artels have reached our time, where it is directly stated that all losses and damages fall on every member of a free partnership. The writer Herzen, for example, considered such artels to be communities, emphasizing the community origin of the associations, the "blood relationship" of the participants. In the history of Russia, there are even examples of entire artel villages for the maintenance of mail and transfers, transportation.
Head of Artel
Although the artel is, first of all,supposed self-government, it still had its own chiefs, chosen from the most respected members. The leaders of the artel are usually called atamans, elders, and big men. We needed a firm hand, mind and will, which would not only express the interests of all members of the artel, but also be able to articulate and defend them clearly. But at the same time, the community exercised careful control over the leader, which could not be avoided!
Modern artel
During Soviet times, until the mid-60s,agricultural farms were called some collective farms. In industry, there were so-called "fishing" artels engaged in providing services to the population and the production of consumer goods. Under Stalin, the artel movement was strongly supported, but in 1956 Khrushchev decided to transfer all the artels to the state, and in the 70s-80s the only permitted by the law were prospectors. Nowadays, artels have been transformed into cooperatives or a small family business, and have ceased to exist in their pure form.
