Each enterprise must be performedthe relevant standards for labor protection at the same time two or more workers. Collective protection tools include fixtures or structures that guarantee this capability. Safety of life and health of employees is provided on a mandatory basis at each enterprise.
Security must be achieved regardingpossible radiation, electric shock, temperature exposure, vibration, biological, chemical, mechanical factors, noise and much more. Means of collective protection at the enterprise are developed precisely for this. Such devices are divided into two main groups. Some are designed to ensure the safety of employees in the course of their work, others serve as emergency shelters.
Classification of collective protection
VHCs reduce probability or completelyprevent exposure of personnel to occupational hazards. Means are used to normalize the lighting and air purification in workrooms. Each company must provide protection from falling from height, contact with electricity, from biological, chemical and mechanical effects. The temperature range suitable for the body is always observed. Workers should not be exposed to lasers, ultrasound, vibration, noise, electric fields, as well as infrared, ionizing, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation.
Air and lighting safety
Collective protection includesdevices for ventilation, air conditioning, deodorization, maintenance of barometric pressure, alarm, as well as autonomous control of airspace. RMS for the normalization of the visual situation in the working premises are lighting openings, lights, spotlights, protective devices.
Exposure to infrared, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation, noise and current
Collective protection includesprotective, warning, sealing devices, coatings for protection, devices for cleaning liquids or air, decontamination, sealing, automatic control, control at a certain distance, devices for storing or moving radioactive elements, containers, safety signs. Noises are suppressed thanks to a special technique, soundproofing and absorbing coatings. To protect personnel from electric shock, insulating materials, grounding, control devices, alarms and automatic shutdown are used.
Exposure to static electricity and temperatures
Collective protection includeswetting, grounding, shielding devices, neutralizers and anti-electrostatic substances. RMS from low or high temperatures of equipment and air are devices for heating or cooling, alarm, remote control, automatic control, protective and thermal insulation devices.
Mechanical, chemical, and biological factors are also subject to maximum neutralization.
Fall Prevention
Remedies are marks.security, sealing, protective, safety devices, alarm devices, automatic control, remote control, removal of toxins, air purification, preparations and equipment for deratization, disinsection, sterilization, protective nets.
Fire engineering products
Средства индивидуальной и коллективной защиты workers in case of fires must be available at every enterprise. According to the relevant order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, employees have the right to get access to devices and facilities to ensure group security, as well as special technical devices to prevent fire or livelihoods. The safety of people must be maintained while work is being done to extinguish the flame and there is a threat to their health. Fire protection walls, shelters, windows, doors, as well as locations of firearms and personal protective equipment should be provided for in building projects.
Occupational health
Labor regimes in hot weather in the openin the warm season, the premises and in the workplace provide for the use of collective protective equipment for staff to comply with hygienic standards (prevention of thermal shocks).
Objects of civil defense
To collective means of protection of the populationinclude various shelters in case of disasters, war, accidents. The relevance of their organization for enterprises located in hazardous areas cannot be questioned. Government regulations are created to regulate the design and operation of the RMS.
Means of collective defense against weapons of mass destruction
VHCs are engineering structures,designed to protect the public. These are the most reliable means of defense of citizens in the event of the use of means of attack, the consequences of which are massive. Anti-radiation shelters can be used as shelters.
Means of collective protection against weapons of masslesions prevent the effects of harmful gases, biological and other toxic substances, high temperature, the effects of nuclear explosions. In such shelters there are several rooms for accommodating people and equipment, as well as ventilation chambers, sanitary facilities, medical rooms, storerooms, power units and water extraction sites. Mostly in such projects there are several exits closed by an absolutely sealed hatch or door. They are always located in areas where the possibility of a collapse is excluded. Roomy designs include tambours and mines.
Ventilation
The supply of VHC air occurs in severalmodes. Clean ventilation as well as filtration is possible. Restoration of oxygen reserves and the function of complete isolation is provided for in shelters built in areas of high probability of fire. The electricity, water, heating, and sewage supply systems are connected to external networks.
The shelters provided portable backupdevices in case of malfunctioning of the main stationary, as well as containers for water storage and waste collection. Heating is carried out through the operation of heating networks. All shelters must be equipped with fire fighting, reconnaissance, protective clothing and spare tools.
Radiation exposure
Means of individual and collective protectionworkers at contamination of the area with radiation prevent exposure to ionizing, light radiation, as well as neutron flux, provide shelter from the shock wave, and avoid poisonous and biological substances from entering the body. Most of these shelters are equipped in basements. The possibility of rapid construction of shelters made of reinforced concrete elements, timber, bricks, stones and even brushwood is not excluded.
All kinds of recessed rooms can bere-equipped with anti-radiation shelters. These include cellars, caves, basements, underground workings, storage facilities for vegetables. The main characteristic of collective protection equipment of this type is a sufficiently high strength of the walls.
Enhance room security
For this, windows and unused ones are sealed.doorways, a layer of soil is laid on the floor. If necessary, an external bedding projecting above ground is performed. Collective protection at the enterprise is specially sealed. Gaps, holes or cracks in the ceilings and walls, in the places where the wiring and heating pipes are drawn, as well as on the slopes of the windows, are filled up. Doors are upholstered with felt or some other dense fabric.
Exhaust and intake ducts are provided forventilation of rooms with a small area. In buildings adapted for shelter, but not equipped with a water supply system, liquid tanks are installed with the calculation of 4 liters per person per day. The bathroom is equipped with a cesspool. The portable container or a dry closet can be established. Also, sun loungers, benches and caches for food. Outdoor electrical network provides coverage of such premises.
Additional equipment basements
Security properties of each productcollective protection, the use of which according to the plan should provide a shelter from radiation, can be repeatedly increased due to the additional configuration. After the commandant of the asylum gives the relevant orders, all hermetic doors, emergency exits, and ventilation plugs are closed. The air filtration system is activated. When poisonous or poisonous substances penetrate, each inhabitant of the shelter should immediately put on an individual respiratory protective device.
If possible, you must activate the installationfor oxygen filtration, if there is a fire near the shelter or a too high concentration of potent poisons has been formed. Beforehand, it will be necessary to transfer the shelter to full isolation mode. Many people think that gas masks belong to collective means of protection. These are individual devices intended for personal use, with which each shelter must be equipped. After weathering harmful substances from the shelter gas masks can be removed.
Generally accepted rules
Only the headquarters of the GO facility determines the requiredthe duration of the use of collective protection of workers. Rules of conduct during the exit, as well as the procedure should be established in advance. Asylum seekers receive all instructions by telephone or some other means of communication. The service manager should alert you about the possibility of escaping from your shelter.
Simple asylum
What kind of collective protection can be attributedto the simplest? These are open or covered slots that can be constructed using scrap materials. The protective properties of the simplest shelters are very reliable. Thanks to their use, penetrating radiation, a shock wave, and also light radiation cause less damage. The level of radiation, the effect of biological and toxic substances on the skin is reduced.
Slots are built in areas where it is excludedthe possibility of blockages or flooding with rain and melt water. First, open constructions are created. These are trenches in the form of a zigzag, consisting of several sections more than 15 meters in length. Depth - up to 2 meters and a width of about 1 meter. This shelter is designed for 50 people. Before you equip the slot, you must mark her plan on the ground.
Conclusion
Today, anyone can find out whichRemedies are collective. These facilities and equipment are provided to ensure the safety of workers in enterprises, as well as to protect citizens in cases of natural disasters, the threat of exposure to radioactive or chemical substances. Shelter can be equipped in any basement or structure with sufficiently thick walls. Each shelter must be equipped with the necessary equipment to maintain the full life cycle of people, as well as a sufficient number of individual means of protection of inhabitants.
