The steady increase in the number of children requiringtimely intervention in their development system by teachers and child psychologists, makes adjustments to the educational process of preschool and school educational institutions. In the schedule of classes and lessons a new form of educational activity called correctional-developing occupation appears.
Organization of a special approach to the smallest
The problems of some preschoolers are becomingvisible from the moment of their entry into the children's educational institution. Against the background of their peers, such kids are distinguished by the insufficient formation of certain functions and skills. In that case, if we are talking about younger preschoolers, then the child needs, in the main, enhanced observation by a psychologist. The specificity of the development of young children due to its wave-like character does not give an unambiguous real picture of the level of the child’s mental development. Individual classes with younger preschoolers and with young children should be planned and carried out in the direction of improving the child's adaptation to the conditions of the educational institution.
Place an individual plan in the educational schedule of kindergarten
A directed system of individual lessons likeAs a rule, specialists enter the active phase in the middle and senior preschool period. The so-called “problem children” already require intervention and correction of developmental deficiencies, which psychologists take into account when compiling an outline of a correctional-developmental lesson. Experts build work, based on the previously identified problems of the child. In preschool age, according to statistics, disadvantagesidentified, first of all, in the level of speech development, psycho-speech development, emotional and volitional disorders, pathology of formation of the level of individual mental processes. After a detailed examination, a child psychologist or rehabilitologist determines a correction route and plans correctional and developmental activities for children.
Correction of deficiencies in the intellectual development of the child
Educators during the educational processFrom time to time, they pay attention to children who differ from the general mass of their peers in that they are absolutely not interested in what is happening in the classroom, or they do not have time for other children, but there are also some who try, but to no avail. Psychologists believe that the problem of such babies is an inadequate level of intellectual development, which arises due to a number of different reasons. Determine the causes and shortcomings themselves - a priority task of the specialists of the psychological service and the pathologists. On the basis of the diagnostic examination, the experts build a correctional effect and develop a system of classes for children. Correctional and developmental classes for preschoolers are conducted with a subgroup and individually, depending on the identified problem. In subgroups unite several kids with one developmental problem. Classes for children with intellectual disabilities are held 1-2 times a week, the duration of classes should not exceed the established time limits.
Cognitive Impairment Planning Specialists Recommendations
Psycho-hygienic training basics developedchild psychologists are recommended to plan a correctional and developmental lesson for younger students in the first half of the day, in the period from 10.00 to 12.00. This time is considered to be the most productive for stimulating the intellectual functions of the brain, as well as for enhanced mental work. It should also take into account the day of the week reserved for remedial activities. Monday is absolutely not suitable for enhanced mental stress, since this day is considered the day of work, and the potential of brain activity is small. On Tuesday and Wednesday the brain activity is stabilized, so the classes held on these days are highly productive. Thursday, in the opinion of the innovator Shatalov, is the so-called “energy pit”. Correctional and developmental lesson on compensating deficiencies in the intellectual sphere for this day is not recommended to plan and conduct. Accordingly, Friday is characterized by a new rise in productive brain activity and is suitable for mental exercise. Therefore, the correct choice for correcting deficiencies of intellectual functions in children will be Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday. In the event that, due to its peculiarities, the child needs to take classes daily, on Monday and Thursday simple exercises should be conducted.
Correction of emotional and volitional deficiencies
No less common and violations inemotional and volitional sphere of preschool children. This is manifested in behavioral deviations, inability to independently regulate their volitional impulses and control emotions. Such children are considered to be too active, restless, disobedient, cocky, sometimes aggressive. This problem also requires the intervention of children's specialists, despite the fact that most parents deny obvious violations and refuse the help of a psychologist, believing that such manifestations disappear themselves over time. Unfortunately, without qualified help, they only get worse, passing over time into difficult-to-be and deviant manifestations. Correctional and developmental classes for preschoolers with emotional-volitional disorders are also held twice a week. In addition to specialists, the teachers of the group, acting in accordance with the recommendations of the specialists of the psychological service, also direct efforts to correct behavioral manifestations.
Advice from Planning Specialists for Disabled Children
For the correction of behavioral adverse eventsintense mental stress is not required, therefore, correction of abnormal behavior is possible on any day of the week, both in the first and in the second half of the day. The first remedial activities with such preschoolers will be individual lessons. Parallel impact has a teacher group in the team of children, jointly adjusted actions accelerate the manifestation of positive dynamics. After carrying out the necessary course of individual interactions of the psychologist with the child, the specialist decides when the baby is ready to secure the acquired skills of self-control and self-regulation in the peer team. Further, the correctional and developmental lesson is planned taking into account the work with a group of children, special attention is paid to the constructive socialization of the child with deviations in behavior. The teacher’s joint work with a psychologist continues until the child learns to regulate behavioral responses independently.
Consideration of age features when planning remedial measures
Psychological features of a certain childage categories must be taken into account at the moment when a correctional-developmental lesson is planned for younger schoolchildren and children of preschool age. The leading activity of kids of this age is play. Teachers without fail include in the classes game moments and elements. Corrective measures are also based on this principle, with the lesson plan drawn up in advance. Thematic planning involves the phased scheduling of classes with an indication of topics. The expected results of the correctional impact are necessarily taken into account; for this purpose, reflection or feedback is planned at the end of the lesson.
Basic principles of rational planning
Given these requirements, the outline of the lesson for preschoolers will be made according to the following principle:
- Greeting. The prologue.
- Game moment, leading to the main part of the lesson.
- Correctional or educational exercise games.
- Anchoring, game moment.
- Reflection, feedback.
When planning the game moment psychologistsconsider the use of elements of art therapy, sand therapy, fairy tale therapy, since these psychotherapeutic methods have long proved their effectiveness in working with children of preschool age. Correctional and developmental lesson, in which the elements of these methods are included, is quite effectively used by children's specialists for working with various pathologies.
Correctional work in primary school
Unfortunately, not all the disadvantages of child developmentIt is possible to eliminate it in time before the child enters school. Some children carry their problems from kindergarten to first grade. Therefore, school specialists of the psychological service, when confronted with problem children, organize special support for them in collaboration with the class teacher. The imaginative thinking of the student of the lower grades has children to play activities, so the program of correctional and developmental activities is built taking into account these age features. The principle of building individual classes will be about the same as the classes for preschoolers, but with advanced features for the child:
- Greeting. Prologue, message topics classes.
- Information message, game moment.
- Correctional game exercises.
- Consolidation using psychotherapeutic techniques.
- Getting feedback.
The outline of the lesson for younger students may also include elements of art therapy, fairy-tale therapy using multimedia technologies, and color therapy.
