The main means of production in ruralThe farm is, of course, the land. That it is considered the main source of reproduction in the industry, necessary for the creation of raw materials and food. And of course, the land should be used as rationally as possible. Failure to comply with this rule is fraught with various types of losses and reduced profitability. In the analysis of land background, important factors such as the timing of planting crops and structure of acreage.
Definition
Terms of planting crops are determined primarily by their biological characteristics and the climate of this particular area. The structure of the same acreage - this is nothing but the percentage ratio of individual varieties of crops to their total number. Depend selection of specific crops and their distribution within the territory of an agricultural enterprise can both from climatic features of a management zone, and from specialization the latter or the structure of the livestock and food industries in the region.
The benefits of a scientific approach
Being developed acreage structure farms Soim way to provide the greatest yieldproducts from each hectare of land at the lowest cost of labor and wear of the means of production. Also, the correct choice of the ratio of agricultural crops grown on the farm can contribute to:
preservation and improvement of the initial structure and composition of the soil;
increase yields.
In farms, with all the responsibility approached the development structure of acreage, There is never a surplus product.She very quickly bought up livestock farms and food and light industry. That is, the grown crop does not rot and does not go to waste. Also such enterprises are capable ofleave the market as wide as possible range of agricultural products.
The structure of the acreage and crop yield
The defining indicator for any farmis, of course, precisely the yield. It can depend on various factors. But one of the main conditions for good plant development is, of course, the right crop rotation. In those farms where the development structure of acreage A lot of attention was paid, under the cultures the best predecessors are always used. As a result, plants are much less likely to become infected.all sorts of bacterial and fungal diseases, as well as less affected by pests. Indeed, in this case in the soil there is no accumulation of spores, harmful microorganisms, or eggs and insect larvae.
When using the right crop rotation It is possible not only to reduce the incidence of crops and, consequently, increase their productivity, but also to preserve the structure of the land as fully as possible. After all, different groups of plants "endure" from the soilunequal mineral salts. Observing a crop rotation and using fertilizers, thus, it is possible to prevent the impoverishment of the land by some specific trace element.
FROMProtecting the nutritional value of the soil and its structure, in turn, contributes to an increase in yield and prevents losing any parts of the production process.
Features of the development of methods of crop rotation
Thus, an important role in terms of increasing the yield of crops plays their proper alternation. When developing methods of crop rotation, specialists should first of all:
carefully examine the characteristics of each particular culture;
take into account the fact that several varieties of the same crop should not be used in crop rotation - this is necessary in order to avoid mixing their qualities;
try to optimize the diet of plants when using different types of fertilizers.
Responsible for the development of crop rotations in farmschief agronomists. For a preliminary assessment, they usually represent at least 3 variants of crop rotation schemes. For each of them, further analysis of the structure of the sown areas is carried out. Then, it is estimated which of the schemes will give the best results in the future. The following indicators are taken into account:
gross output from the entire area of crop rotation;
labor costs for its production;
material costs;
conditional net income.
Crop rotation
All crops grown by agricultural enterprises are divided into:
field;
feed;
special.
It is for this feature, and also depending on the influence of crops on the soil and the ratio of their groups, and crop rotations are classified. Farms can specialize in growingdifferent agricultural plants. If, for example, more than half of the area of an agricultural enterprise is set aside for potatoes, crops and industrial crops, its crop rotation will be classified as a field crop. If most of the land is occupied by fodder plants, it will be called fodder, respectively. Also distinguish:
rotations near the farm;
hay pasture;
special, used for crops that require compliance with special conditions of cultivation.
Of course, different types of crop rotations can be used within one farm.
Optimizing the structure of acreage: possible directions
To increase the yield of agricultural crops and reduce the labor costs of their cultivation in two ways:
By replacing low-margin crops with high-yielding crops. In this case, the management system as a whole is usually almost unaffected.
By deepening intrafarm and interfarm specialization. In this case, of course, including the composition and combination of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Choose a way to increase production profitability. and determine size and structure of acreage households are usually based on the recommendations of experts who conducted research on the most successful agricultural enterprises.
Efficient use of land: distribution of crops
Crop rotation in farms, therefore, must be respected necessarily. However, it is equally important and correct to distribute crops in the territory of the farm within one season. Select the specific agricultural plants and calculate the area of land allocated for them should be in accordance with:
farm specialization;
concluded contracts and government orders.
The calculation of the structure of sown areas is, of course, taking into account these two factors.
Rational use of land
In different years in the structure of the land fundThe particular farm is undergoing significant changes. The share of some types of land may increase, others - decrease. In developing a specific scheme of management, of course, one should take into account the return of the lands themselves. It is believed that the most effective in terms of use are arable plots. They are followed by artificially improved hayfields and pastures. Of course, natural meadows and pastures have the least return.
In order to increase profitability, etcand developing the structure of crop areas of crops the enterprise should assess the proportion of eachtype of land in the total area of his land. At the same time, it is also necessary to develop a set of measures aimed at increasing the area of the most advantageous in terms of the use of arable land. To do this, for example, do the following:
clear the fields of shrubs and boulders;
eliminate small areas;
more rational distribution of buildings;
plow extra domestic roads.
Economic indicators
To choose for cultivation, of course, you need those crops that will continue to be most effective in terms of profit. In this case, the calculations are carried out in the following sequence:
determine the output of products in terms of value and in-kind indicators per 1 ha of land, taking into account purchase prices;
calculate current production costs;
deduct these costs from the cost of production, thus determining the conditional income.
Climatic conditions
In addition, in the selectioncrops should take into account the weather conditions of a particular area. When developing a plan of sown areas, the following factors are taken into account:
average annual rainfall;
air temperature in summer and winter;
average year humidity.
Instead of concluding
The profitability and profitability of any agricultural enterprise, thus, to a large extent depends on how properly it will be designed and implemented. structure of acreage. When choosing schemes of management should be givenmaximum attention to the development of crop rotations, the choice of specific crops, the number of areas allocated for them, as well as the rational use of land. In this case, with the minimum material and labor costs of an agricultural enterprise, it will be able to get maximum yields, avoid losses due to the lack of buyers and present its products on the market in a wide range.
