Disease - a state of the body in whichthe normal vital activity and ability to maintain self-regulation are impaired, the life expectancy is shortened, which is caused by the limitation of functional and energy possibilities in their opposition to pathogenic causes.
Nomenclature of diseases includes a wide range ofnames of existing nosological forms, which are used in medicine for a uniform description of pathological conditions. Up until now, such a list of diseases has not been completed.
The specificity of any infectious disease isin its cyclical nature. The following consecutive periods of illness are distinguished: incubation, initial, high disease and recovery. Each of them has its own peculiarities.
Latent stage of the disease
This stage is also called incubation.This is a period of latent, not manifested clinically development: from the moment when the pathogenic agent has influenced the organism, before the development of the first symptoms of the disease. The peculiarity of this stage is an ever-increasing decrease in the body's ability to prevent pathogenic effects, adaptive mechanisms are no longer working so effectively. During this period, severe symptoms are not observed, but if a person performs stress tests, certain symptoms may appear.
The incubation period of the disease continues froma few minutes to several months, and sometimes even years. It all depends on the resistance of the body to the influence of the pathogen agent, how much it can overcome with the help of protective devices arising violations. Only after exposure to strong poisons comes almost instant poisoning (no longer than a few minutes). If the latency period is established in time, this will greatly facilitate the prevention and control of the disease.
What other periods of the disease exist?
Stage of precursors
Another name for this stage is prodromal.It has been observed since the first manifestations and continues until the development of the usual clinical picture. The stage of prodromes is a logical result of insufficient effectiveness of adaptation processes, the main function of which is to normalize the body's homeostasis at the time when the causes of the disease are acting.
At this stage, the first subjective andobjective non-specific signs: fatigue, malaise, pain in muscles and joints, irritability, loss of appetite, discomfort, headaches, fever, and sometimes chills, etc. Consider the remaining periods of the disease.
Stage of severe disease
During the stage of pronounced manifestations, orthe general and local symptoms characteristic of the disease appear. If it passes unfavorably, there may be various kinds of complications (for example, coma in diabetes mellitus). At the same time, at this stage of development, adaptive mechanisms still continue to operate, although it is already not so effective as to independently kill the disease.
In this acute period of the disease, basicsigns, while some diseases have a more or less definite duration of the course (especially infectious), while others, especially chronic ones, do not possess this property.
The following forms of diseases are observed:
- acute, lasting not for long (several days - 2-3 weeks);
- recurrent;
- chronic, resulting from acute and lasting more than six weeks.
The exact dates cannot be established, since everything depends on the specific pathology, the intensity and time of the impact of the disease agent on the body, the endurance of the person himself.
The main periods of the disease considered. But there is still a stage of recovery or other options for the outcome of the pathology.
There are the following options for the end of the disease: recovery (incomplete and complete), relapse, remission, complication, developing into a chronic, death.
Full recovery
It consists in the formation of effectiveadaptive reactions and processes that successfully eliminate the cause and / or pathogenic effects of the disease, restoring the body’s self-regulation in full. However, there is no guarantee that the body will return to its pre-painful condition. After recovery, other vital signs appear qualitatively and quantitatively, new functional systems are being formed, the activity of metabolism and the system of immunobiological surveillance is changing, and many other adaptive changes are also developing. This is influenced by the main periods of the disease.
Incomplete recovery is typical for the body in cases where residual disease effects and individual deviations from the norm persist.
Relapse
Relapse - Re-Enhance or Repeatdevelopment of signs of the disease after they have been eliminated or weakened. Symptoms are similar to the symptoms of a primary disease, but in some cases there may be differences. Relapse occurs most often due to the action of the reasons that caused the initial episode of indisposition, a decrease in the effectiveness of adaptive mechanisms or the body’s ability to resist any factors. This is typical for periods of infectious diseases.
Remission
Remission is a stage of the disease thatcharacterized by temporary mitigation (incomplete, followed by a relapse) or elimination of (complete) symptoms. Most often, this period arises as a consequence or feature of the causes of the disease or is associated with changes in the reactivity of the patient's body, as well as with treatment, which does not allow for full recovery.
Complication
A complication is a process that gets itsdevelopment against the background of the disease, but not necessarily characteristic of it. Most often, complications arise as a result of an indirect effect of the causes of the disease or associated with the components of the process of its occurrence (for example, perforation of the intestinal or stomach walls may occur during an ulcer).
Death
Если заболевание развивается неблагоприятно, it is likely to develop into a chronic, protracted nature, and such a period of development of the disease as the death of the patient, when the body is not able to adapt to new conditions, is depleted, and further existence becomes impossible.
The direct cause of death is stopping.heart, which can be caused both by its defeat, and disruption of the centers of the brain, which are responsible for regulating the functions of the cardiovascular system. Another reason is respiratory arrest, which occurs during paralysis of the respiratory center, located in the medulla oblongata, caused by anemia, hemorrhage, swelling, or exposure to poisons such as cyanide, morphine, etc.
Stages of
Death includes the following stages:
- preagonia;
- terminal pause;
- agony;
- clinical death;
- biological death.
The first four stages, subject to timely medical measures can be reversible.
Для агонии характерны нарушения механизмов central nervous system and changes in all body functions important for life: breathing, heart activity, lowering the temperature, relaxing sphincters. Often the patient loses consciousness. This condition lasts from several hours to two or three days.
The next stage after the agony is clinical death,and it is fundamentally reversible. Signs: cessation of breathing, blood circulation, and heartbeat. This period with normothermia lasts 3-6 minutes, but can be prolonged up to 15-25 minutes with hypothermia. Its duration depends on the degree of hypoxia of neurons located in the cerebral cortex.
With clinical death, resuscitation is required, which include:
- artificial lung ventilation;
- restoration of blood circulation and cardiac activity, including heart massage, if necessary - defibrillation, start of artificial blood circulation using oxygenated blood;
- adjusting the acid-base state and restoring ion balance;
- improving the state of self-regulation and microcirculation of the body.
After the organism can be revived, it is for some time in an unstable post-resuscitation state, which includes the following stages:
- temporary regulation of the vital activity of the organism;
- transient destabilization;
- improvement of vital activity and recovery.
Биологическая смерть – такое прекращение жизни a person who is irreversible. Holistic revitalization of the body is no longer possible, but the likelihood of the resumption of the work of some organs remains. Thus, although the stages of the disease are conditional, this classification is used quite widely.
We reviewed the main periods of the disease.
