For a long time, people sought to easesuffering, conquer pain. For centuries, scientists, inventors of methods that allow to eliminate intolerable discomfort during surgical operations. And only when anesthesia was invented, it became possible.
a brief description of
Anesthesia is a temporary loss of pain.sensitivity. In ancient times, decoctions, infusions, ice, poppy, alcohol, dope were used for anesthesia. Everything that could dull the sensation of pain was applied.
Discovery of the anesthetic properties of cocaine laidbasis of local anesthesia. However, pronounced dependence and high toxicity were huge drawbacks of this method. Later, the drug Novocain appeared, which in 1905 was used for local anesthesia.
It is even difficult to imagine how many procedures were performed without the lightening effect of the analgesic. Anesthesia is a unique opportunity:
- save the patient from discomfort and pain;
- create the necessary conditions for the operation of the surgeon.
Basic views
Each method of anesthesia has its own mechanism of action on the human body, the complexity and methodology of the procedure. Today there are several types of it:
- local anesthesia;
- regional;
- conductor;
- general anesthesia.
The first three types of anesthesia are interruption.impulse transmission from tactile, temperature, pain receptors in the nervous system. The depth, duration and area of anesthesia depend on the drug, its volume and concentration, as well as the method and place of administration. Medicines are used for these anesthetics:
- "Lidocaine."
- "Novocaine".
- "Markain".
- Bupivacaine.
- Naropin.
Local anesthesia
A fairly common type of anesthesia.Local anesthesia is a great chance to perform simple and small operations. She is widely in demand in dentistry, some surgical interventions. Local anesthesia is anesthesia that is performed in several ways. Consider them.
Injection anesthesia
Основан данный метод на введении анестетика in layers. Initially, a thin needle is injected intracutaneously. Formed the so-called "lemon peel". Further, a longer needle is used, which infiltrates the necessary tissues in layers. In the area of operation there is a blockage of nerve endings. For this procedure, solutions with a concentration of 0.125-0.5% are used.
The patient does not feel pain, but the discomfort remains.
Anesthesia application
Что это за обезболивание?This procedure involves the use of a gel, ointment, patch, emulsion for a small area of skin or mucous membrane. Such anesthesia has a short and superficial character. It is used for the implementation of low-painful procedures on a small area of the skin.
Possible complications with such anesthesia are allergic reactions.
Conduction anesthesia
This procedure is performed by the surgeon, oftentotal anesthesiologist. So, conductive anesthesia - what is it? This is the introduction of an anesthetic drug in the area of the conducting nerves or nerve trunk at some distance from the area being operated on. This allows you to achieve a blockade of impulses.
Such manipulation does not exclude the risk of damage.nearby vessel with the formation of significant hematomas. Damage to both the nerves and the trunk is also possible. Unpleasant consequences can lead to long-term disturbance of skin sensitivity, loss of muscle tissue functioning. The patient will need a long recovery period.
Regional anesthesia
This anesthesia is performed by experiencedanesthesiologist. This is the most popular method. Regional anesthesia is used for painful, bulky and traumatic operations. There are two types of effects.
Spinal anesthesia
This is a procedure that is also calledsubarachnoid or spinal cord. It involves the introduction of local anesthetic into the spinal canal. A thin special needle is used, which injects 1-3 ml of the drug in strictly defined places.
Spinal anesthesia is one hundred percenta guarantee that the spinal cord is not accidentally damaged. This "error" is completely excluded, since an anesthetic is introduced at special levels at which the spinal cord is absent.
Anesthetic effect is achieved after 1-3 minutes. At the same time, depending on the anesthetic, it lasts from 40 to 120 minutes.
Manipulation is painless. Provides excellent analgesic effects. Due to the blockade of impulses, complete muscle relaxation is achieved.
Epidural Anesthesia
Such efficiency and technique manipulationThe execution is quite similar to the spinal cord. However, epidural anesthesia has its differences. This is, firstly, a larger needle diameter. Secondly, when administered, it is not brought to the spinal canal. Anesthetic in the required amount (usually from 10 to 20 ml) is distributed over the meninges. It washes motor and sensory nerve roots.
If we talk about the duration, the epiduralAnesthesia is anesthesia for 40-120 minutes. Exactly the same as with the spinal cord technique. However, this method has a great advantage. Through the lumen of the needle it is possible to hold a special catheter into the epidural space. This makes it possible to reintroduce the anesthetic if necessary. Thus, it is possible to extend the anesthesia to 7-8, and sometimes more than hours.
The severity of this anesthesia depends onthe administered drug, its concentration and dose. This method of anesthesia is widely used in most surgical procedures. Epidural anesthesia is used during childbirth, cesarean section. It is irreplaceable in the treatment of various pain syndromes of a chronic nature.
Possible consequences
If you touch on the complications, you should emphasize that they are extremely rare. Patients after regional anesthesia may experience:
- Headache. Patients face it after a spinal technique.
- Spine pain. Discomfort can be felt for a long time. This phenomenon is observed after the epidural method.
- Pressure drop. The expansion of many small vessels. This causes a sharp redistribution of blood flow to the periphery from the central channel.
- Epidural hematoma after injuryvascular plexus. Characteristic for people with low blood clotting. Hematoma puts pressure on the spinal roots. The patient feels a violation of skin sensitivity in the area and pain.
- Total spinal block.The hardest complication, which is practically not amenable to treatment and threatens the life of the patient. It is extremely rare. An accidental puncture of the dura mater may provoke such a pathology, in which an amount of anesthetic intended for epidural injection enters the spinal canal.
General anesthesia
In this procedure, the cerebral cortex is inhibited.brain and some subcortical structures. With deep anesthesia, even the respiratory and vasomotor centers in the medulla are affected. However, pain impulses still enter the brain. At the same time, their perception and response are depressed.
The main types of general anesthesia are:
- intravenous;
- inhalation.
Conclusion
Despite the possible complications of each typeanesthesia, such effects are extremely rare. Positive results are achieved thanks to the capabilities and knowledge of the anesthesiologist. He can predict in advance possible difficulties and complications. Accordingly, the doctor will suggest the best way to relieve pain, as well as take all measures to prevent unpleasant consequences.
During the operation, a permanenthardware and laboratory monitoring. Automatically controlled pressure, heart function, blood oxygen saturation. With prolonged interventions, additional studies are conducted that control all vital functions of the body.
