For the treatment of pathologies with infectious orbacterial in nature, antibiotics are often used. However, their number is so large that it is not always possible for the patient to understand which particular drug is right for him. Naturally, self-study is not worth it. The doctor will help you choose the necessary remedy. But most commonly used semi-synthetic penicillin. He is known for over 80 years.
What is the product?
So, semi-synthetic penicillin isanalogue of a natural substance with new, very valuable properties, and is considered more effective than its predecessor. That is, it can act in cases where pathogens produce resistance to the effects of natural penicillin.
Препараты этой группы считаются одними из самых effective against a large number of diseases, therefore, are widely used. In addition, they are almost completely safe for the body. That is why they are often prescribed in the treatment of pregnant women, as well as infants.
Penicillin semisynthetic is more resistant toacid, so it can be taken in the form of tablets. It has a long lasting effect. That is, this group of drugs is the most common and widely used in medical practice.
The principle of action of the antibiotic
So, the means of the represented group in theirThe composition contains a β-lactam ring. It gives the opportunity to stop the production of peptidoglycan by the cell of a harmful microorganism. That is, the growth and reproduction of the pathogen stop, it is not updated, and therefore dies. At the same time, the substance of the human body does not act negatively, since there is no peptidoglycan in their composition.
In addition, the β-lactam ring disrupts the synthesisbacterial cell wall that provokes an abnormal metabolism inside it. In general, semi-synthetic penicillin is very effective in combating various infections of internal organs and surgical pathologies.
Product Benefits
So, it is necessary to further consider what advantages this group of drugs has. Semi-synthetic penicillins have such advantages:
- They are able to effectively act even on those pathogens that have already developed resistance to this type of antibiotic.
- Many drugs have a wide spectrum of action, that is, they can destroy a large number of different bacteria.
- Most penicillins of this group have a distinctive feature: resistance to the action of gastric acid. That is, the pills will be no less effective than injections.
Application features
Группа полусинтетических пенициллинов является most common among all existing antibiotics. They are produced in various forms. At the pharmacy, you can purchase a syrup, tablets, powder for reconstitution or prepared liquid for injection. The powder is usually packaged in glass bottles of a certain volume, which are closed with a rubber cap and a metal cap. After opening the bottle, the antibiotic should be used immediately, as it is not stored for a long time in the open form.
The powder is used for cooking.intramuscular or subcutaneous solution. For its cultivation used a special liquid. There are also granular powders from which a suspension is prepared for oral administration. Most often, this form of antibiotic is used to treat young children.
However, the most common form of manufactureare pills. Due to the fact that some drugs of the present group are resistant to the effects of gastric acid, the main substance in them is not destroyed. That is, they remain as effective as possible, even after falling into an aggressive environment.
Indications for use
If there is any infectious or bacterial pathology in the body, the doctor has the right to prescribe antibiotics. Semisynthetic penicillins can be used to treat such diseases:
- Inflammation of the lungs, infection of the pleura.
- Septic-type endocarditis.
- Gynecological diseases that are accompanied by inflammation and are characterized by the appearance of pus.
- Anthrax.
- Sepsis.
- Peritonitis.
- Infectious lesion of the throat, nose, or ears.
- Meningitis.
- Gas gangrene.
- Diphtheria.
- Gonorrhea, syphilis.
- Leptospirosis.
- Scarlet fever.
- Infectious infection of the ureters and biliary tract.
- Wound infections of the skin or soft tissues, which are accompanied by the release of pus.
- Gonococcal conjunctivitis, orbital phlegmon, keratitis, trauma of the eyelids or the eye itself.
In addition, this list can be expanded. As can be seen from the testimony presented, penicillins are used to treat diseases of almost all human organs.
What are the contraindications for use?
Despite the fact that semi-synthetic penicillins, whose spectrum of action is very wide, are almost completely safe for humans, they still have some contraindications to use:
- Allergic reaction to the drug or its components.
- Organic intolerance to certain groups of drugs.
However, the occurrence of allergies is quite small. But when prescribing penicillin preparations, the doctor should conduct an analysis on the patient's tolerance of these agents.
What unwanted reactions may occur?
Side Effects of Semisynthetic Penicillinsdescribed in sufficient detail. They can have different intensity. In most cases, the manifestations are minimal and do not bear the danger to the life and health of the patient. After taking penicillin-based drugs, the following side effects may occur:
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Eosinophilia.
- Increased overall body temperature.
- Headache.
- Bronchial spasm.
- Edema (even angioedema).
- Neurotoxic reaction.
- Arthropy (secondary lesion of joints caused by other diseases).
- Convulsions.
- Coma.
- Allergic reaction. It can be slow or sharp.
- Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis (when administered intravenously).
- Stomatitis (when using tablet form).
В любом случае список побочных реакций можно expand to infinity. However, with the timely cessation of taking drugs in this group, undesirable reactions take place within a few days. However, severe allergies can lead to the death of the patient. Therefore, it should be contraindicated to take penicillins in any form (even with food).
Classification of funds
So, it is possible to divide drugs based on semi-synthetic penicillins into the following groups:
- Penicillin stable: Oxacillin, Methicillin.
- Carboxypenicillins: "Ticarcillin", "Carbenicillin".
- Anti-diarrhea:
- Aminopenicillins:"Amoxicillin", "Ampicillin" (the most common). These broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillins are not resistant to beta-lactanase. However, they can be taken in pill form.
- Uridopenitsillin: "mezlotsillin", "Azlotsillin".
Although each group of suchSemisynthetic agents are designed to combat certain diseases, if they are ineffective, they cannot be combined with other bacteriostatic antibiotics. It may harm the body.
What solvent to choose for the dilution of the powder?
In order to introduce an antibiotic intramuscularlyor subcutaneously, the powder needs to be turned into a liquid. Different solvents are used for this. The most common of these are: saline, water for injection, as well as Novocain.
Если предполагается внутримышечное введение drug, then you can use any of the above solvents. But it should not be warm, since the effectiveness of the powder after dilution in this case may decrease. In summer, cold water can be used to reduce the temperature of the solvent. You just need to lower the vial into a vessel with liquid for a few minutes. The temperature of the bottle should not exceed 18-20 degrees.
In order to reduce discomfort whenthe implementation of the injection, it is better to still use saline. If the patient does not want to feel any pain at all, then the powder can be diluted with Novocain, which has a local anesthetic effect. However, in this case, the prepared liquid may become turbid due to the appearance of benzylpenicillin novocaine salt. However, this does not affect the quality or effectiveness of the drug.
The most common drugs: a brief description
If it is necessary to use semi-synthetic penicillins, the drugs in each individual case are prescribed by a doctor. The most popular antibiotics of this group are:
- Ampicillin.It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that effectively acts on gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. The drug is absorbed slowly from the stomach and intestines. Drug tolerance is good in most patients. When co-administration of "Ampicillin" with oral anticoagulants increases the effect of the latter. Accepted means 4-6 times / d.
- "Amoxicillin".It is similar to the previous drug, which is characterized by more complete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Most often it is sold in the form of tablets, as it is resistant to the negative effects of gastric juice and is not destroyed under its influence.
- Oxacillin.This medicine is not only resistant to gastric acid, but also to those enzymes that can destroy penicillin. Due to the fact that it is rapidly excreted in the urine, it will have to take it often enough. The drug can be used in the form of injections.
Group of cephalosporins
There is a separate group of antibiotics:semisynthetic penicillins - cephalosporins. They come from the natural toxic drug "Cephalosporin C". Drugs in this group are widely used in chemotherapy for the treatment of various infectious diseases.
Prescribe drugs in this group should onlyA doctor who knows about the features of their actions. For example, not all first and second generation tools are equally effective. However, the resistance of bacteria to cephalosporins develops relatively slowly. It should be noted that the funds of this group have a fairly strong toxic effect on the kidneys even with the introduction of a relatively small dose (4-6 g).
That's all the features of drugs made on the basis of penicillin. Despite the safety of these antibiotics for the body, self-medication can in no way be done. Be healthy!
