Today many people are interested in Mantoux vaccination.What it is? To whom and when is it done? For what? How to make a similar injection? Can there be side effects from it? To answer all this, and not only, we are to come next. In fact, everything is not as difficult to understand as it seems. And with the right approach to the procedure, it will not bring any special problems.
Description
What is a Mantoux vaccine?
This is the procedure for diagnosing tuberculosis in children and in some adults. A shot is not an inoculation, but sometimes people call it that way.
During the Mantoux reaction, identification occurssticks Koch - the main causative agent of tuberculosis in the human body. After the injection of the solution, a reaction must occur at the site of the injection. It draws conclusions about the presence or absence of tuberculosis in the body.
When to do
Когда делается прививка Манту детям?This is the most common category of the population, which conducts the appropriate reaction. In adults, tuberculosis can be diagnosed by other methods. Therefore, they almost do not put a mantu.
For the first time Mantoux vaccine is put in 1 year (at 12months). Until then, the baby should be vaccinated with BCG or BCG-M. This is a vaccination against tuberculosis. After it, catch the mentioned disease is problematic.
Important: Mantoux is also carried out before the revaccination of BCG. If the reaction rates are negative, you can be vaccinated further.
Method of conducting
The Mantoux vaccine is placed in a special way.As we have already said, it is not worth mentioning a vaccination reaction. After all, there is nothing in common with vaccinations in the operation under study. This is a kind of test for the presence of tuberculosis in children and adults.
The injection is placed on the inside of the forearm, in the second third. First, the area is treated with alcohol, then inject the needle and solution from the syringe. Mantoux is placed subcutaneously.
After "vaccination" it is necessary to evaluate the result of testing for tuberculosis, but it will take about 3-4 days.
What it consists of
Many are interested in the composition of any solutions introduced into the body. And Mantoux is no exception.
The composition of the sample includes such components:
- stabilizer "Twin-80";
- sodium chloride;
- phenol;
- salt of phosphate buffer solution;
- tuberculin.
The last component is active.It is obtained from a weakened stick of Koch. This component can not infect a person with tuberculosis, but helps to understand if there is a corresponding infection in the body.
About contraindications
It's hard to believe, but not everyone is allowed to study diagnostics. Mantoux can be given to healthy people.
Contraindications to the test are:
- skin diseases;
- chronic diseases;
- acute diseases;
- somatic diseases during exacerbation;
- common diseases;
- period after recovery (1 month);
- allergy;
- epilepsy;
- strong negative reactions to the previous diagnosis of tuberculosis.
These are the main contraindications that everyone should know about. After all, not all doctors speak about their presence, assuring of complete safety of the mantle and in the absence of any contraindications to the test.
After other vaccines
Vaccinations after mantoux can be put not immediately,will have to wait. Ideally, a month should pass between the sample and the vaccination, but doctors can put "injections" immediately after evaluating the response to injected tuberculin.
It is important to remember that immunity after vaccinationis weakened. And so make a sample after some kind of vaccination is impossible. Will have to wait. Otherwise, a person risks receiving a false-positive or questionable result of testing for tuberculosis in the body. These situations can bring a lot of problems. For example, force a person to go to a tuberculosis and conduct a series of refining analyzes to check the reality of mantoux.
How often do
The Mantoux vaccine is given, as we have already said, at 12 months. What's next? How often is it necessary to carry out "revaccination"?
The sample is done once a year.This is a common phenomenon in the modern world. Adults may not receive a response, since the diagnosis of tuberculosis is possible through a fluorogram. Children such procedures are not done.
In exceptional cases, the mantle is held once in 3month. As a rule, such situations are controlled by doctors. And it is not recommended to carry out the reaction so often on your own - it can negatively affect the body as a whole.
In addition, the mantle is held beforevaccination / revaccination from tuberculosis by appropriate vaccination (BCG or BCG-M). As we have already said, a negative mantle allows for grafting. Otherwise, it will be necessary to postpone the procedure and tackle the treatment of tuberculosis.
What can be the testimony
The reaction to Mantoux vaccination may be different.Depending on the received indicators, the further algorithm of actions will change. For example, a person is simply released home from a medical facility or sent to a tuberculosis clinic for the treatment of tuberculosis or clarifying the results of the test.
At the moment, experts identify such reactions:
- positive;
- negative;
- doubtful;
- normal.
Next, we consider the features of the evaluation of the samplein details. It's not as difficult as it seems. But it is not necessary to evaluate the results independently. In this case, the person risks taking the reading incorrectly.
Negative indicators
The Mantoux vaccine can be made to the bulk of the population. This is a fairly common method of diagnosing tuberculosis in children. But how to interpret the results?
Let's start with a negative reaction.It is found only in healthy people, indicates that the body has never experienced tuberculosis or it happened so long ago that the immunity completely coped with the infection.
If there is a negative result, there should be no reaction at the injection site. A maximum is a small trace from a needle injected under the skin or reddening of the skin no more than 1 millimeter.
Doubtful testimony
After a person has been vaccinated with Mantou, a dubious reaction may appear. This is the name for the formation of redness in the area of the injection without ulcers and seals.
The size of the papule will be up to 4 millimeters. The color of redness should be pinkish. A questionable test forces doctors to suspect tuberculosis. The reaction can be repeated or considered negative.
Positive test
The Mantoux vaccine is given to children for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in the body. Of course, if the child is sick or has recently recovered, the test will be positive.
Under similar circumstances, a largepapules and / or compaction in the area of the injection. The size of redness is from 5 to 15 millimeters. Usually this situation indicates the presence of immunity in the body. Doctors suspect tuberculosis and refer the patient to additional diagnosis of the disease.
Normal reaction
It is worth paying attention to the fact that various factors influence the Mantou vaccination rates. This is extremely important in the diagnosis of young children.
In general, the test is influenced by BCG vaccinationand the time passed after it. The earlier a child was vaccinated against tuberculosis, the more redness in the norm. The age of the baby will also have a little effect on the testimony.
The table below shows the normal response independing on the prescription of BCG vaccination. Ideally, the child has only redness. No ulcers, sudden changes in the color of the area of the injection and seals should not be.
Turn
Which Mantoux vaccine is considered a "bend"?This is the so-called sharp and causeless increase in redness at the injection site of more than 6 millimeters. This situation is not very common, but it does occur.
When a "bend" is formed, the patient is takensuspect tuberculosis. Getting such a test forces you to go to the TB doctor to clarify the results. It is possible that the mantle gave a false result. This really happens in real life.
Hyperergic reaction
There is one more variant of the development of events.A person who has been given Mantoux may experience a hyperergic reaction. This is a situation in which a large seal larger than 16 millimeters or ulcers / abscesses appears in the area of the injection.
This situation is 100% confirmed by the current infection with tuberculosis. In healthy people, a similar pattern is observed only when the patient has recently had an infectious disease.
Important: if a person suffers from severe allergic reactions, he too may face a hyperactive Mantoux reaction.
As a rule, the studied sample leads to the fact that a person is sent to the tuberculosis specialist urgently. There will be further testing of the body for tuberculosis.
Proper care
Vaccinations after Mantoux can be done, but not immediately.Until that time a person will not only have to wait until the testimony is taken, but also take care of the injection site correctly. Misconduct seriously affects the effectiveness of the audit.
Here are the tips that will help the patient:
- Mantoux should not be wrapped, bandaged, put on strings. The skin should "breathe".
- To wet a place of a nyxis before taking of indications by doctors it is forbidden. When in contact with water, the reaction can turn blue. This phenomenon causes suspicion of tuberculosis.
- Limit the sweetness while waiting for the check. This is necessary in order not to provoke allergic reactions in the body.
- Do not treat the injection site. Green, hydrogen peroxide, disinfecting agents to smear the area of Mantoux is prohibited.
- Do not scratch an "injection". This behavior distorts the actual readings of the sample.
Perhaps, that's all.Now everyone knows how to behave correctly after the Mantoux test. It's not as difficult as it seems. But with young children, problems can arise. Especially in the field of sugar restriction. With older children, strong control over the care of the mantle is not needed.
Side effects
Can the studied reaction cause anynegative effects on the body? Unfortunately yes. After all, even such a harmless method of diagnosing infection is interference in the body. And sometimes after "vaccination" there are such phenomena:
- vomiting;
- nausea;
- temperature increase;
- general malaise;
- increased fatigue;
- drowsiness;
- loss of appetite.
As practice shows, such "pobochki" are most often found when vaccinating BCG. Mantoux is easily tolerated by people.
If the indicators are doubtful
What to do if a person is suspected of tuberculosis? Ideally, the patient is referred to a tuberculosis dispensary for a phthisiatrician. This specialist assigns a series of tests to refine the results of the reaction. Namely:
- blood test;
- sputum analysis;
- Fluorogram.
Some specialists even with negativeresults of additional diagnostics prescribe antituberculous drugs. This is a strong chemotherapy, which seriously affects the body. To give such medicines to a child is possible only with 100% confirmation of tuberculosis. Otherwise, the body will be hurt immensely.
Do it or not
Some parents think that Mantu should be vaccinated. Previously, this was the only method for diagnosing tuberculosis in children. And so the test was set by everyone.
In modern medicine, mantle is not considered the most accurate way of testing the body, but it is still widely used. If you do not want to put a test, you can pass such tests:
- "Diaskintest";
- PCR-diagnosis of blood;
- TB-SPOT.
The latest analysis is the newest and most accurate. But it's not so easy to make a small child. The problem is in the collection of venous blood.
