Excretory (excretory) system is a set of organs that carry out the selection.
Normal body activitycharacterized by constancy of the internal environment. In particular, its parameters include the total content and ratio in the volumes of water spaces, which depends on the osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. To maintain the constancy of these parameters, it is necessary to clearly match the output of active osmotic substances and water to their consumption level.
The functions of the excretory system are partly performed by the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and skin. However, the main organs of elimination are the kidneys.
The urinary system consists of organs performingthe task of the formation and removal of urine (urinary organs) and organs involved in reproduction (genitals). Both groups of organs are functionally and morphologically connected. The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal area on bothside of the spine. The right kidney is normally somewhat lower. This is because the liver is above it. The kidneys perform the task of forming a fluid, which as a result becomes urine.
The structure of the kidneys includes a hugenumber of nephrons (very thin crimped tubes). In the lumens of the nephron capsules, primary urine is filtered. In their proximal convoluted tubules, absorption of amino acids, protein, calcium, glucose, phosphorus from the primary urine takes place. The structure of the kidneys contains straight thin-walled areas, turning into loops, which consist of descending sections, bends and ascending sections. Through the lining of the descending sections of the loops of flat cells, water is absorbed, and water is accumulated and sodium is lost in ascending areas. Short distal regions are responsible for the further release of sodium into the tissue fluid and for the absorption of a large volume of water.
Distal convoluted tubules flow intocollective tubes through which urine enters the renal pelvis (in fact, the extended ends of the ureters). The excretory system carries the output of urine through the ureters into the bladder and then out of the body.
The urge to urinate is accompaniedrelaxation of the muscles of the external and internal sphincter and contraction of the muscles of the walls of the bladder. It is believed that the excretory system works normally, when urinating four to six times a day with a single accumulation of urine in the amount of 250-300 ml.
Diseases of the excretory system maymanifest pain in the lumbar region, the formation of edema, a change in the amount and color of urine, painful urination. It is necessary to note the existence of atypical and oligosymptomatic ailments. Often, patients complain of dizziness, drowsiness, headache, weakness, and decreased performance.
In many cases, the causes of diseases of the urinary system are infections.
Pain sensations of varying intensity and degree of manifestation may be associated with the formation of stones or a tumor.
Normal is considered transparent,straw yellow urine. In febrile diseases, its color can be brownish-yellow with brick sediment. A bloody urine stain may indicate the presence of kidney disease, tumors and kidney injuries. When taking medications or vitamins, urine can also change its color.
Detection in the urine of a high content of leukocytes may indicate the presence of inflammatory processes in the kidneys and lower urinary tract.
A sharp decrease in the mass of the active parenchyma, as a rule, entails renal failure. At the same time significant violations or complete loss of the main functions of the kidneys are detected.
