Immunoglobulin E and its physiological significance -issues that require consideration. Today there are several types of immunoglobulins (antibodies). There are several types of antibodies, which differ in the nature of action and the mechanism of anti-infective immunity. Antibodies provoke precipitation and flocculation of dissolved bacterial products, agglomeration and agglutination of corpuscular antigens (spirochetes, viruses, protozoa and bacteria). On the cell membrane of vibrios, trypanosomes and spirochetes, specific complexes of immunoglobulins with a complement are fixed, which causes the adsorption of platelets. As a rule, these pathogens are retained in the lymphoid tissue. Immunoglobulins of classes M and G, together with complement, can hydrolyze spirochetes, trypanosomes, bacteria and viruses.
The effect of antibodies on the pathogenit stops if it enters the cell and its antigens do not express on the cell surface. Immunoglobulins can enhance or weaken the body’s immune resistance. The antigen-antibody complex, which contains an excess of antigen, has a stimulating effect, and a complex with an excess of antibodies causes the opposite effect. Most often, immunoglobulins are the cause of autoimmune and allergic complications.
Immunoglobulin E is synthesized mainly incells of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal tract, as well as in regional lymph nodes. For the first time, as an independent class, immunoglobulin E was identified in 1966, and in 1968, WHO recognized immunoglobulin E as an independent class of immunoglobulins.
Proteins of this class are found in humans, primates,and some laboratory animals. Most of the immunoglobulin E molecules are associated with mast skin cells and basophils. Since under normal conditions, the concentration of immunoglobulin E in human serum is only a few nanograms per milliliter, the basic ideas about the structure of this molecule are obtained only on the basis of studying several myeloid proteins. The very low level of immunoglobulin E in the blood serum is obviously due to the fact that it is able to "attract" to the surface of cells and bind tightly to mast cells and basophils.
Іg E is considered to be the main classimmunoglobulins, which mast cells and basophils produce to participate in allergic reactions. The level of this protein in the serum of patients with allergies increases and usually exceeds 350-800 U / mg. The total immunoglobulin E rate in children under the age of 12 months is up to 15 U / ml. Immunoglobulin E plays an important role in immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. Immunoglobulin E is the norm in adults ranging from 0 to 120 U / ml.
According to modern concepts, the mainThe function of immunoglobulin E is to protect the mucous membranes of the body due to the activation of local factors of blood plasma and effector cells. Causative agents of infections are able to break through the line of defense that class A. immunoglobulins form. After which viruses or bacteria on the surface of mast cells bind to specific class E immunoglobulins, as a result of this interaction, mast cells receive a signal to release vasoactive amines and chemotactic factors, which in turn causes the influx of circulating blood Ig class G, complement, eosinophils and neutrophils. Eosinophilic chemotactic factor, which is secreted from mast cells, contributes to the accumulation of eosinophils and the destruction of helminths. It is supposed that immunoglobulin E, being adsorbed on the surface of the parasite, attracts macrophages due to the presence of Fc-receptors.
