Follicles and epithelial cells are the mainstructural and functional elements of the thyroid gland. The main component of the colloid is protein - thyroglobulin. This compound refers to glycoproteins. The biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and their secretion into the blood is controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone adenohypophysis (TSH), the synthesis of which is stimulated by thyroidiberin and inhibited by the somatostatin of the pituitary gland. With an increase in the concentration of iodine-containing hormones in the blood, the thyroid function of the pituitary gland decreases, and in the case of a deficiency it increases. Increased concentration of TSH provokes not only an increase in the processes of biosynthesis of iodine-containing hormones, but also diffuse or nodal hyperplasia of the thyroid gland tissues.
Diagnosis of thyroid pathology is performed withuse of clinical, biochemical and pathological-morphological methods. Based on the data obtained, the following diseases are established: endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, diffuse toxic goiter, sporadic goiter, and gland tumors.
Diffuse toxic goiter is characterized byhypersecretion of thyroid hormones and diffuse hypertrophy of the thyroid gland. This pathology is considered genetically conditioned autoimmune disease, which is hereditary in nature. Provoke the development of goiter infectious diseases (flu, parainfluenza, influenza), pharyngitis, tonsilitis, encephalitis, stress, prolonged use of iodine preparations. For the disease is characteristic diffuse (sometimes uneven) increase in the thyroid gland, cachexia.
Zob Hashimoto refers to autoimmunediseases, is characterized by damage to the tissue of the thyroid gland, a violation of the synthesis of hormones. This form of thyroiditis is characterized by a decrease in the synthesis of hormones (triiodothyronine, thyroxine) and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland. This pathology is more often recorded in women than in men.
Endemic goitre of the thyroid gland is chronica disease characterized by an increase in the endocrine gland, a violation of its functions, metabolism, disorders of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The deficiency of iodine synergists (zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese) and excess antagonists (calcium, strontium, lead, bromine, magnesium, iron, fluorine) contribute to the development of the disease.
In addition to iodine deficiency, the development of goiter is provokedthe use of a large number of products with antithyroid substances (goitrogens). In this case, the nontoxic goiter of the thyroid gland develops. With prolonged iodine deficiency, the synthesis of T3 and T4 decreases.
