The term "topography" (the definition for the first timeappeared in geology) translated from Greek as "describe the terrain." In the XIX century. thanks to the work of the greatest surgeon Nikolai Pirogov, this word was sounded in a new way. From the field of the science of the structure of the earth's surface, the term moved to the doctrine of the human physique, which soon became world-famous. The new discipline is called Topographic Anatomy.
Field of knowledge
What is topography in medicine, everyone knowsAn elementary student of any institute of the corresponding profile. This discipline is concerned with studying the location of human parts and internal organs, as well as their interaction with each other.
Topographic anatomy examines the shape andthe structure of the components of the body that have undergone changes as a result of various pathologies. Collecting scientific data on their characteristic biases as a result of unnatural conditions, she systematizes knowledge, making it applicable in therapy and surgery.
Being an applied discipline, topographyThe internal organs are engaged in the study of the layered structure of the areas of the human body, examining it in different planes. Also in the area of interest of this science includes:
- blood circulation process;
- designing organs on the skin and their location in relation to the skeleton;
- the supply of tissue with nerve cells, as well as the outflow of lymph from them in natural and pathological conditions;
- age, sex and constitutional features of the human body.
Subject of knowledge
Surgical topography conditionally identifies such anatomical areas:
- the head (representing the totality of such mutually functioning organs as the brain, eyes, taste and smell receptors, ears, mouth, and larynx);
- neck (as part of connecting the head with the body, through which the most important supply paths, such as the esophagus, larynx, trachea, as well as vessels and arteries);
- the trunk (in fact, the body or torso, which contains the largest number of vital human organs);
- limbs (as isolated pair appendages in their relationship with other parts of the body).
More differentiated areascomponents of the biological characteristics of man, is also involved in topography. The textbook on this discipline, paying great attention to the mutual arrangement of parts of the body and their influence on the surface of the body, provides a general framework for the diagnosis of diseases.
Application of scientific knowledge
Topography of the human body as a system of information about its structure and functioning plays an important applied role in medicine, providing a theoretical basis for operative surgery.
Exact knowledge of the layers of the body in the direction ofThe surface of the skin deep into the tissues is necessary for anyone to practice. Describing the human structure, the topography of the body allows it to consistently and relatively safely penetrate to areas in need of surgery.
N.Pirogov believed that the reason for the absolute majority of the modern surgeons who failed in his operation is the ignorance of practical knowledge. Replying to numerous questions about what a topography is, the scientist called her "the servant of a doctor." Based only on theoretical information, which is nothing more than a compilation of average statistical data, the practitioner strongly risks to meet with surprises in the form of individual features of the human body.
Cognition technique
How applied science is topography (whose textbookhe pays much attention to the course of fascial tissues) concentrates the attention of the surgeon on the smallest details of the structure of the body. She thoroughly examines the functional features of the protective membrane covering organs, blood vessels and nerve fibers, she notes all the existing patterns
Formulate still unknown science anatomicallaws, to search for new rational methods of production operations - anatomical topography deals with all these issues. The designations used in this discipline and dividing the body on the sides, partly based on the same principles as the terms used in the science of the structure of the earth's surface. These include, for example, the concepts:
- middle and side,
- upper and lower
- near and far,
- right left;
- big and small, etc.
To form a clear understanding of whatsuch an anatomy topography should take into account its enormous importance for the justification of medical measures such as effects on the central nervous system and PNS. Being the science of the organ as a whole, it is of great value for diagnosis and, ultimately, determines all existing treatment systems.
Difference from ordinary anatomy
The first and most obvious featureSurgical topography is an approach to describing a person. While it reveals the mutual arrangement of organs in regions, classical anatomy encloses them in systems: movement, respiration, blood circulation, etc. In addition, the science of body parts synthesizes knowledge. Classical anatomy puts analysis at the forefront (both of whole systems and individual organs).
The answer to what is topography will not becomplete without taking into account the particular interest that this science has shown to changes occurring in body tissues that are subject to various pathologies. So, thanks to this science, it became known how much the influence of inflammatory processes on the original shape and nature of the organs. Often, most of the difficulties in the production of an operation are associated precisely with the strong displacement of fibers that are susceptible to tumor processes, relative to their initial position.
Topographic anatomy of the head
The border of this part of the body with the neck runs along the linelower jaw. Its composition includes the facial and brain regions. In the latter, the base and the calvaria are distinguished, which is the result of the articulation of three regions.
The lobitemenocarpal region consists of layers:
- dura mater;
- bones;
- periosteum;
- loose connective tissue;
- tendon helmet;
- adipose tissue;
- skin integument.
Features of the structure of the central nervous system, collection andthe topography of the brain deals with the systematization of data on the mutual functioning of its components. In the substance filling the skull, its general relief and hemispheres are distinguished. The subject of study is its internal structure. Particularly considered the lower part of the brain and each of the departments.
On the surface of the hemispheres study the grooves and elevations, located between them. Great importance is attached to the pattern of convolutions. Furrows divide the hemispheres into 6 lobes.
Jaw structure
How scientific knowledge of tooth topography representsis a complex of information about the principles of the structure and functioning of bone formations in the mouth. She also synthesizes data on the jaw device as a whole in its mutual connection with the human oral cavity. Possession of this information is necessary for the preparation of teeth and jaw preparation for medical purposes: sealing, cleansing the root canals and cavities, removing and correcting bone formations.
In the structure of the tooth emit such parts of it:
- crown (formed by four walls and is a triangular, slightly squeezed towards the sky gap);
- neck;
- root (located in a separate bone cell and in its structure has a specialized durable connective tissue, covered with softer cement).
In the middle of the bone formation is locatedcavity tapering towards the top. Inside it contains the pulp of the tooth, called pulp and is responsible for feeding the tooth. It articulates with other tissues and fibers of the nerves and vessels assembled in a bundle.
Topographic anatomy of the eye
По своему строению и длине перечня составных elements of this body is considered the most difficult (after the brain). The eyeball, despite the relatively small size, contains a huge number of a variety of systems that perform a vast range of functions. So, the optobiological contains more than 2.5 million elements, allowing to process and supply huge layers of information to the brain in less than a hundredth of a second.
Устройство глаза с механической точки зрения somewhat reminiscent of a photographic apparatus. It is for this reason that the term “optical topography” is often used in anatomy, which is more correctly used in technical sciences. It is also applicable to the relevant diagnostic method.
The role of the lens in this sense organ playsa combination of cornea, pupil and lens. The latter, due to its ability to vary the angle of curvature, works like a focus, adjusting the clarity of the image.
Neck topography
In addition to the skin in the list of parts of the body that connects the head with the body, include:
- bundles of muscle fibers;
- “Covering” connective sheath (fascia);
- so-called “Neck triangles” (spaces encased in muscle bundles);
- part of the spinal column (consists of seven bones with low bodies).
In topographic anatomy, the neck is conditionally divided.vertical midline. From above, it passes through the body of the hyoid bone, and from below it ends in the recess of the upper part of the sternum. In each of the halves two types of triangles are distinguished: medial and lateral.
The first is divided into three small:
- submandibular (limited posterior digestive muscle);
- sleepy (includes internal and external arteries);
- scapular-tracheal.
Lateral bordered by the extremity of the trapezium, as well as the clavicle, and includes two triangles. In the first are located:
- bunches and branches of the brachial and cervical plexuses;
- subclavian artery (with all its constituent parts).
The structure of the nervous system
The main function performed by this complex organization of specific fibers is the reading of external environmental influences and the transfer of the corresponding response to the central nervous system departments.
Its structure is extremely complex.The central system of the nerve topography includes the brain and spinal cord. Special fibers departing from them are combined into peripheral ones. Its function is to connect the central nervous system with muscle tissues, glands and sensory organs.
Through the converter in the form of special cells(receptors) are all the available human manifestations of the external environment (in the form of color, taste, smell, etc.). They are translated into the language of impulses, which are perceived by nerve fibers as changes in the electrical or chemical order.
Далее стимулы по периферической нервной сетке delivered to the departments of the central nervous system, where they read and cause a response in the form of a series of commands that are sent to the executing organs (muscles and glands) in the same way.
Torso topography
The most complex and voluminous section in the science of the location of organs and other structural elements of a person is the description of the body except for its limbs, neck and head.
The upper torso, having its bordersthe edge of the jugular notch and the clavicle, includes the chest wall and the cavity enclosed in a protective sheath. Fascia lines the unpaired muscle, which separates this area of the body from the abdominal. Its backbone is the chest, which is the articulation of the sternum, 12 paired bones and parts of the spine.
The complex of organs and anatomical structures of the trunk in this area is called the mediastinum, which in domestic surgery is divided into upper and lower sections.
The space below is called the abdominal cavity. In its composition there are parts:
- top (it is the diaphragm);
- external;
- lateral (surrounded with fibers of wide muscles);
- back (chain of bones of the spinal column);
- lower (components of the iliac region and the diaphragm of the pelvis).
Anatomy of the organs of motion
In the area of the upper extremities topology highlights:
- bones of the skeleton (collarbone, scapula, shoulder, radial, ulnar, etc.);
- muscle fibers (shoulder girdle, shoulder, forearm, wrists);
- the skin.
Разнообразие в движениях рук человека обусловлено specific structure of the joints and a special method of connecting them with the muscles. The nature of the articulation of the skeleton of the shoulder girdle with the body also plays a huge role in this. Muscles are several layers, ranging from superficial to deeper.
The skeleton of the supporting limbs includes the bones of the pelvis andthe free part: (paired femoral, patella, bones of the leg and foot). The pelvic bone forms the girdle of the lower limb and consists of the pubic, iliac, and sciatic. In conjunction with the sacrum and the coccyx, they are the bone base of the pelvis.
Conclusion
Topographic anatomy performs a number of particularlyimportant tasks, which include a description of the exact location of the organs in both the natural and the pathological states. Information that is the fruit of this science, is widely and actively used in the diagnosis of diseases, therapy, and most importantly - in surgery.
