The thyroid gland produces hormones that affect growth, reproduction, tissue differentiation, and metabolism. It is present in vertebrates, including humans.
Classification of diseases of the thyroid gland.
- Congenital anomalies (ectopia, hypoplasia, aplasia).
- Endemic goiter.
By function: hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid.
In form: diffuse, mixed, nodular.
3. The sporadic goiter.
By function: hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid.
In form: diffuse, mixed, nodular.
4. Goiter diffuse toxic.
Depending on the severity of thyrotoxicosis: light, medium, heavy.
5. Hypothyroidism.
Depending on the degree of severity: heavy (myxedema), medium, light.
6. Inflammatory diseases:
- chronic lymphomatous thyroiditis (autoimmune, Hashimoto);
- subacute thyroiditis;
acute thyroiditis;
- Fibrous thyroiditis (Riedel);
- rare pathologies of a specific nature (syphilis, tuberculosis).
7. Damage:
- Closed;
- open.
8. Malignant neoplasms.
Pancreas. Histology.
This organ of the digestive system possessesendocrine and exocrine functions. The pancreas is histologically an alveolar-tubular complex gland. Cellular tubular formations (islets of Langerhans) are located between the alveoli. They are the body of internal secretion that secretes the hormone insulin.
The secretory function in the pancreas is affected by the hormones of the parathyroid and thyroid glands, as well as the adrenal glands.
The organ is involved in the production of certain polypeptide hormones that enter the blood. This process is carried out by cells in pancreatic islets.
Outer secretory function in the pancreasis secreted into the duodenum. It contains a complex of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of all major food polymers. The main ones are a-amylase, lipase, chymotrypsin and trypsin.
Functional disorders in the pancreas inmore is due to the influence of the central nervous system. Different stressful situations, in particular, regularly recurring, often accompanied by increased sosotdeleniem, and prolonged states of depression - its oppression.
Processes of a dystrophic nature are noted in metabolic disorders. The most characteristic is a lesion in the pancreas against the background of hemochromatosis.
Disorders in the circulation of a chronic nature combine pathological changes in the arterial and venous blood flow.
The most common inflammatory disease of the pancreas is pancreatitis. The most common chronic and acute forms of the disease.
Lesions in the pancreas can be caused by diffuse connective tissue diseases.
Nodular periarteritis provokes disorders in the vessels of the organ. The clinical picture is similar to the manifestations of chronic or acute pancreatitis.
Organ tuberculosis is extremely rare.This pancreatic disease can develop as a result of the penetration of mycobacteria by lymphogenous, contact (from nearby organs) or by hematogenous.
Syphilis can be worn asacquired as well as congenital. In the first case, the disease of the pancreas is rarely observed and proceeds in accordance with the morphological features in three forms. These include edematous-infiltrative (with secondary syphilis), gummy and specific form of sclerotic pancreatitis.
Rarely detected cyst. This pancreatic disease affects the parenchyma of the organ or its surrounding tissues.
